{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:26:42Z","timestamp":1781767602613,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whilst the COVID\u201019 diagnostic test has a high false\u2010negative rate, not everyone initially negative is re\u2010tested. Michigan Medicine, a primary regional centre, provided an ideal setting for studying testing patterns during the first wave of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the characteristics of patients who underwent repeated testing for COVID\u201019 and determine if repeated testing was associated with downstream outcomes amongst positive cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Characteristics, test results, and health outcomes for patients presenting for a COVID\u201019 diagnostic test were collected. We examined whether patient characteristics differed with repeated testing and estimated a false\u2010negative rate for the test. We then studied repeated testing patterns in patients with severe COVID\u201019\u2010related outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient age, sex, body mass index, neighbourhood poverty levels, pre\u2010existing type 2 diabetes, circulatory, kidney, and liver diseases, and cough, fever\/chills, and pain symptoms 14\u00a0days prior to a first test were associated with repeated testing. Amongst patients with a positive result, age (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: (1.05, 1.34)) and pre\u2010existing kidney diseases (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: (1.41, 3.68)) remained significant. Hospitalization (OR: 7.88; 95% CI: (5.15, 12.26)) and ICU\u2010level care (OR: 6.93; 95% CI: (4.44, 10.92)) were associated with repeated testing. The estimated false\u2010negative rate was 23.8% (95% CI: (19.5%, 28.5%)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whilst most patients were tested once and received a negative result, a meaningful subset underwent multiple rounds of testing. These results shed light on testing patterns and have important implications for understanding the variation of repeated testing results within and between patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T14:50:33Z","timestamp":1606747833000},"page":"726-737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Patterns of repeated diagnostic testing for COVID\u201019 in relation to patient characteristics and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"289","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-0494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Salerno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Prabhu Sankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Data Office for Clinical and Translational Research University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. G.","family":"Fritsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Center for Statistical Genetics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Data Science Seoul National University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. D.","family":"Lisabeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. S.","family":"Valley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Executive Order 2020\u201304 (COVID\u201019) \u2010 Declaration of State of Emergency","author":"Office of the Governor of Michigan"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Executive Order 2020\u201321 (COVID\u201019)","author":"Office of the Governor of Michigan"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Governor Whitmer Reopens Auto Dealerships and Retail Businesses by Appointment, Authorizes Nonessential Medical, Dental and Veterinary Procedures","author":"State of Michigan"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Discontinuation of Isolation for Persons with COVID\u201019 Not in Healthcare Settings. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019)","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"Indications for COVID\u201019 Diagnostic Testing for Adult Patients in all Clinical Settings","author":"Michigan Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.108961"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30936-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200642"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25786"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30232-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","volume-title":"National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA): Neighborhood Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts, United States, 2000\u20102010","author":"Clarke P"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","article-title":"False positives in reverse transcription PCR testing for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","author":"Cohen AN","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1495"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Gu T","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","volume-title":"Similarities and Differences between Flu and COVID\u201019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID\u20102019) situation reports. World Health Organization","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","volume-title":"Contact Tracing Mobile Apps for COVID\u201019: Privacy Considerations and Related Trade\u2010offs","author":"Cho H"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","volume-title":"CDC COVID Data Tracker","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","volume-title":"Census Quick Facts","author":"United States Census Bureau"}],"container-title":["Journal of Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joim.13213","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joim.13213","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joim.13213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:33:09Z","timestamp":1693528389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joim.13213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joim.13213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13213","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.26.20162453","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0954-6820","1365-2796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-6820","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}