{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:31:05Z","timestamp":1790346665047,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational studies have suggested associations of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with respiratory tract infections, impaired bone health, and myriad chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0To assess potential causal relationships between vitamin D supplementation and a reduced risk of these conditions, a review of the evidence across available meta\u2010analyses of randomized control trials (RCTs) and RCTs was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from their inception to March 2021. We included only RCTs and meta\u2010analyses of RCTs focusing on the association between vitamin D and respiratory disease, bone health, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, and cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0A total of 107 RCTs and 62 meta\u2010analysis of RCTs were included. Although most RCTs did not support benefits of vitamin D supplementation, suggestive evidence for benefit was found in populations at greater risk of VDD and for acute respiratory infections, fractures in institutionalized older adults, type 2 diabetes among patients with prediabetes, and cancer mortality. In contrast, no compelling evidence for benefit was found for other respiratory conditions, fractures in community\u2010dwelling adults, falls, cancer incidence, or CVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0Current evidence from RCTs and meta\u2010analyses of RCTs is inconsistent regarding the effects of vitamin D supplementation on respiratory infections and chronic diseases. Individuals most likely to benefit are those with baseline VDD or with selected high\u2010risk conditions. Public health initiatives are needed to eliminate VDD globally, and future research will be enhanced by a \u2018precision prevention\u2019 approach to identify those most likely to benefit from vitamin D supplementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T09:29:50Z","timestamp":1632043790000},"page":"141-164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Vitamin D, respiratory infections, and chronic disease: Review of meta\u2010analyses and randomized clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davaasambuu","family":"Ganmaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. 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