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Many previous review papers have focused on all available data, as these were scarce, but a more recent literature review is timely. Hormonal regimens have changed over time, and older data may be less relevant for today's practice. In recent literature, we have found that even though mental health problems are more prevalent in trans people compared to cisgender people, less psychological difficulties occur, and life satisfaction increases with gender\u2010affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) for those who feel this is a necessity. With GAHT, body composition and contours change towards the affirmed sex. Studies in bone health are reassuring, but special attention is needed for adolescent and adult trans women, aiming at adequate dosage of hormonal supplementation and stimulating therapy compliance. Existing epidemiological data suggest that the use of (certain) estrogens in trans women induces an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, the reason that lifestyle management can be an integral part of trans health care. The observed cancer risk in trans people does not exceed the known cancer\u2010risk differences between men and women. Now it is time to integrate the mostly reassuring data, to leave the overly cautious approach behind, to not copy the same research questions repeatedly, and to focus on longer follow\u2010up data with larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T09:23:23Z","timestamp":1641288203000},"page":"574-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Gender\u2010affirming hormone therapy: An updated literature review with an eye on the future"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurens","family":"D'hoore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"T'Sjoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Sexology and Gender Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Was muss das volk vom Dritten Geschlecht wissen","author":"Hirschfeld M","year":"1901"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01542134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9532-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(2019).International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems(11th ed.).https:\/\/icd.who.int\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2011.700873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00683-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00682-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2015.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2601068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01943.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293\u2010016\u20100067\u20109"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Low estrogen doses normalize testosterone and estradiol levels to the female range in transgender women","volume":"73","author":"Cunha FS","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0463"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01658"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.10.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245872"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201017794\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender dysphoria: prejudice from childhood to adulthood, but no impact on inflammation. 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