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In this umbrella review, we summarized the current epidemiological evidence from systematic reviews and meta\u2010analyses linking ambient air pollution and CVDs, with a focus on geographical differences and vulnerable subpopulations. We performed a search strategy through multiple databases including articles between 2010 and 31 January 2021. We performed a quality assessment and evaluated the strength of evidence. Of the 56 included reviews, the most studied outcomes were stroke (22 reviews), all\u2010cause CVD mortality, and morbidity (19). The strongest evidence was found between higher short\u2010 and long\u2010term ambient air pollution exposure and all\u2010cause CVD mortality and morbidity, stroke, blood pressure, and ischemic heart diseases (IHD). Short\u2010term exposures to particulate matter &lt;2.5\u00a0\u03bcm (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), &lt;10\u00a0\u03bcm (PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were consistently associated with increased risks of hypertension and triggering of myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke (fatal and nonfatal). Long\u2010term exposures of PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    were largely associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, incident MI, hypertension, and incident stroke and stroke mortality. Few reviews evaluated other CVD outcomes including arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, or heart failure but they generally reported positive statistical associations. Stronger associations were found in Asian countries and vulnerable subpopulations, especially among the elderly, cardiac patients, and people with higher weight status. Consistent with experimental data, this comprehensive umbrella review found strong evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollution increase the risk of CVDs, especially all\u2010cause CVD mortality, stroke, and IHD. These results emphasize the importance of reducing the alarming levels of air pollution across the globe, especially in Asia, and among vulnerable subpopulations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T09:19:53Z","timestamp":1644398393000},"page":"779-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":571,"title":["Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta\u2010analyses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"291","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9924-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"de Bont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm 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