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In this review, we present the current knowledge about diseases associated with childhood obesity and how they are affected by weight loss. One major causative factor is obesity\u2010induced low\u2010grade chronic inflammation, which can be observed already in preschool children. This inflammation\u2014together with endocrine, paracrine, and metabolic effects of obesity\u2014increases the long\u2010term risk for several severe diseases. Type 2 diabetes is increasingly prevalent in adolescents and young adults who have had obesity during childhood. When it is diagnosed in young individuals, the morbidity and mortality rate is higher than when it occurs later in life, and more dangerous than type 1 diabetes. Childhood obesity also increases the risk for several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, arthritis, and type 1 diabetes and it is well established that childhood obesity also increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. Consequently, childhood obesity increases the risk for premature mortality, and the mortality rate is three times higher already before 30 years of age compared with the normal population. The risks associated with childhood obesity are modified by weight loss. However, the risk reduction is affected by the age at which weight loss occurs. In general, early weight loss\u2014that is, before puberty\u2014is more beneficial, but there are marked disease\u2010specific differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T23:34:37Z","timestamp":1658878477000},"page":"870-891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["Pediatric obesity\u2014Long\u2010term consequences and effect of weight loss"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0890-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Marcus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Danielsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Hagman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation.Taking action on childhood obesity. 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