{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:54:04Z","timestamp":1790686444029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Since the beginning of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic in 2020, researchers worldwide have made efforts to understand the mechanisms behind the varying range of COVID\u201019 disease severity. Since the respiratory tract is the site of infection, and immune cells differ depending on their anatomical location, studying blood is not sufficient to understand the full immunopathogenesis in patients with COVID\u201019. It is becoming increasingly clear that monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and monocytic myeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells (M\u2010MDSCs) are involved in the immunopathology of COVID\u201019 and may play important roles in determining disease severity. Patients with mild COVID\u201019 display an early antiviral (interferon) response in the nasopharynx, expansion of activated intermediate monocytes, and low levels of M\u2010MDSCs in blood. In contrast, patients with severe COVID\u201019 seem to lack an early efficient induction of interferons, and skew towards a more suppressive response in blood. This is characterized by downregulation of activation markers and decreased functional capacity of blood monocytes and DCs, reduced circulating DCs, and increased levels of HLA\u2010DR\n                    <jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD14\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    M\u2010MDSCs. These suppressive characteristics could potentially contribute to delayed T\u2010cell responses in severe COVID\u201019 cases. In contrast, airways of patients with severe COVID\u201019 display hyperinflammation with elevated levels of inflammatory monocytes and monocyte\u2010derived macrophages, and reduced levels of tissue\u2010resident alveolar macrophages. These monocyte\u2010derived cells contribute to excess inflammation by producing cytokines and chemokines. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of monocytes, DCs, and M\u2010MDSCs in COVID\u201019 and how alterations and the anatomical distribution of these cell populations may relate to disease severity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T03:18:34Z","timestamp":1661224714000},"page":"130-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Respiratory and systemic monocytes, dendritic cells, and myeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells in COVID\u201019: Implications for disease severity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Falck\u2010Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm 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