{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:48:49Z","timestamp":1790804929978,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the prevalence and recovery of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in COVID\u201019 patients 24 months after the infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 22 March 2020 to 5 June 2022, 251 COVID\u201019 patients were followed in three European medical centres. Olfactory function was assessed with subjective patient\u2010reported outcome questionnaires and odour identification tests at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24\u00a0months postinfection. The predictive values of epidemiological and clinical data were investigated with multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and seventy\u2010one patients completed the evaluations. The odour identification test revealed that 123 patients (50.8%) had OD at baseline. The prevalence of persistent psychophysical abnormalities at 6, 12, 18 and 24\u00a0months post\u2010COVID\u201019 was 24.2%, 17.9%, 5.8% and 2.9%, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). Parosmia occurred in 40 patients (23.4%) and lasted 60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0119 days. At 2\u00a0years, 51 patients (29.8%) self reported that their olfaction was unnormalised. Older patients had better odour identification evaluations at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) but those with OD reported lower odour identification test scores at the end of the follow\u2010up. Parosmia occurred more frequently in young patients. The olfactory training was significantly associated with higher values of Sniffin\u2019 Sticks tests at 18 months postinfection (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.678;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two years post\u2010COVID\u201019, 29.8% of patients reported persistent OD, but only 2.9% had abnormal identification psychophysical evaluations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T05:23:45Z","timestamp":1661318625000},"page":"82-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Prevalence and 24\u2010month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID\u201019 patients: A multicentre prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"293","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Polyclinic of Poitiers\u2014Elsan  Poitiers France"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology University of Mons (UMons)  Mons Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Foch Hospital School of Medicine UFR Simone Veil Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint\u2010Quentin\u2010en\u2010Yvelines (Paris Saclay University)  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery EpiCURA Hospital  Baudour Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi A.","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department PhD School of Biomedical Science University of Sassari  Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1235-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Saussez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology University of Mons (UMons)  Mons Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery EpiCURA Hospital  Baudour Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.www.who.int\/docs. 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