{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T16:07:15Z","timestamp":1785600435008,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70114605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70114605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Meta\u2010analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for reduced cancer mortality, all\u2010cause mortality, and respiratory tract infections. However, whether and to what extent this translates into effectiveness in real\u2010world practice is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed the association of vitamin D supplement use (as an over\u2010the\u2010counter drug or as part of a multivitamin product), vitamin D deficiency (25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D, 25[OH]D &lt;30 nmol\/L), and insufficiency (25[OH]D 30 to &lt;50 nmol\/L) with all\u2010cause and cause\u2010specific mortality in 445,601 participants, aged 40\u201373 years, from the UK Biobank cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 4.3% and a further 20.4% of the study participants reported regularly taking vitamin D or multivitamin supplements, respectively. Still, the majority had either vitamin D deficiency (21.0%) or insufficiency (34.3%). We detected 49 independent determinants of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplement use and used them to adjust Cox regression models for all mortality outcomes. A total of 29,107 (6.5%) participants died during a median follow\u2010up time of 11.8 years. Both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were strongly associated with all mortality outcomes. Self\u2010reported vitamin D supplement use (83% over\u2010the\u2010counter\/17% prescription drugs) and multivitamin intake were significantly associated with 10% and 5% lower all\u2010cause mortality, respectively. Furthermore, regular vitamin D supplement users had 11%, 11%, and 29% lower cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease mortality than nonusers, respectively (not significant for cardiovascular disease mortality).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This large study suggests that in the real world, the efficacy of vitamin D supplements in reducing mortality may be at least as good as observed in RCTs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T12:22:56Z","timestamp":1665231776000},"page":"384-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Real\u2010world evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in reduction of total and cause\u2010specific 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