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There is variation in incidence and prevalence by region and race. Males and females are almost equally affected, although disease peaks at a later age in females than in males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The heterogeneity of presentation and disease course can make diagnosis and treatment challenging. Diagnosis is suggestive in a patient if one or more of the following is present: radiologic signs of sarcoidosis, evidence of systemic involvement, histologically confirmed noncaseating granulomas, sarcoidosis signs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and low probability or exclusion of other causes of granulomatous inflammation. No sensitive or specific biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis exist, but there are several that can be used to support clinical decisions, such as serum angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme levels, human leukocyte antigen types, and CD4 V\u03b12.3+ T cells in BALF. Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic patients with severely affected or declining organ function. Sarcoidosis is associated with a range of adverse long\u2010term outcomes and complications, and with great variation in prognosis between populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>New data and technologies have moved sarcoidosis research forward, increasing our understanding of the disease. However, there is still much left to be discovered. The pervading challenge is how to account for patient variability. Future studies should focus on how to optimize current tools and develop new approaches so that treatment and follow\u2010up can be targeted to individuals with more precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:24:27Z","timestamp":1678069467000},"page":"668-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Sarcoidosis: Epidemiology and clinical insights"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Marios","family":"Rossides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Theme Inflammation and Ageing Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Darlington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Education S\u00f6dersjukhuset and Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine S\u00f6dersjukhuset  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Kullberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Theme Inflammation and Ageing Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Respiratory Medicine Division &amp; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM) Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth V.","family":"Arkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Division Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0096-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0871-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"The frequency of sarcoidosis in Finland and Hokkaido, Japan. 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