{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:57:39Z","timestamp":1791593859683,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The striking link of Cushing's syndrome with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) suggests that long\u2010term exposure to extremely high cortisol levels catalyzes cardiometabolic deterioration. However, it remained unclear whether the findings from the extreme glucocorticoid overabundance observed in Cushing's syndrome could be translated into more subtle variations in long\u2010term glucocorticoid levels among the general population, for example, due to chronic stress. Here, we performed a systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42023425541) of evidence regarding the role of subtle variations in long\u2010term biological stress, measured as levels of scalp hair cortisol (HairF) and cortisone (HairE), in the context of MetS and CVD in adults. We also performed a meta\u2010analysis on the cross\u2010sectional difference in HairF levels between individuals with versus without CVD. Seven studies were included regarding MetS, sixteen regarding CVD, and one regarding both. Most articles indicated a strong, consistent cross\u2010sectional association of higher HairF and HairE levels with CVD, which was confirmed by our meta\u2010analysis for HairF (eight studies, SMD\u00a0=\u00a00.48, 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 0.16\u20130.79,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0095). Moreover, these relationships appear largely independent of standard risk factors. Age seems relevant as the effect seems stronger in younger individuals. Results regarding the associations of HairF and HairE with MetS were inconsistent. Altogether, long\u2010term biological stress, measured as HairF and HairE, is associated with the presence of CVD, and less consistently with MetS. Prospective studies need to evaluate the directionality of this relationship and determine whether HairF and HairE can be used in addition to standard risk factors in predicting future cardiometabolic deterioration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T23:16:14Z","timestamp":1699226174000},"page":"2-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Long\u2010term glucocorticoids in relation to the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Kuckuck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Obesity Center CGG Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Lengton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Obesity Center CGG Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00ebtte R.","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Obesity Center CGG Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda W. J. H.","family":"Penninx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Kavousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8801-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth F. 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