{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:29:29Z","timestamp":1787596169799,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association of a broad spectrum of infectious diseases with cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aim to provide the cardiovascular risk profiles associated with a wide range of infectious diseases and explore the extent to which infections reduce life expectancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We ascertained exposure to 900+ infectious diseases before cardiovascular disease (CVD) onset in 453,102 participants from the UK Biobank study. Time\u2010varying Cox proportional hazard models were used. Life table was used to estimate the life expectancy of individuals aged \u226550 with different levels of infection burden (defined as the number of infection episodes over time and the number of co\u2010occurring infections).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infectious diseases were associated with a greater risk of CVD events (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.79 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.74\u20131.83]). For type\u2010specific analysis, bacterial infection with sepsis had the strongest risk of CVD events [aHR 4.76 (4.35\u20135.20)]. For site\u2010specific analysis, heart and circulation infections posed the greatest risk of CVD events [aHR 4.95 (95% CI 3.77\u20136.50)], whereas noncardiac infections also showed excess risk [1.77 (1.72\u20131.81)]. Synergistic interactions were observed between infections and genetic risk score. A dose\u2013response relationship was found between infection burden and CVD risks (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend &lt;0.001). Infection burden &gt;1 led to a CVD\u2010related life loss at age 50 by 9.3 years [95% CI 8.6\u201310.3]) for men and 6.6 years [5.5\u20137.8] for women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The magnitude of the infection\u2010CVD association showed specificity in sex, pathogen type, infection burden, and infection site. High genetic risk and infection synergistically increased the CVD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T04:45:31Z","timestamp":1711428331000},"page":"679-694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of hospital\u2010treated infectious diseases and infection burden with cardiovascular diseases and life expectancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"295","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0163-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiazhen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust Systems Hub The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)  Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust Systems Hub The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)  Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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