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But are these cells suitable therapeutic targets? Dozens of clinical trials of anti\u2010inflammatory agents other than colchicine have been performed in patients with clinically evident atherosclerosis. None of these trials led any regulatory body in any jurisdiction to allow a cardiovascular indication for any of these agents. This discouraging work provides a background to evaluate new data on colchicine. In 2024\u20132025, new clinical trials of colchicine in patients with atherosclerosis showed benefit, no benefit, or harm. In 2025\u20132026, over a dozen meta\u2010analyses so far have appeared, drawing on \u223c34 trials, but do not agree with each other. One of these meta\u2010analyses, Xie et\u00a0al.\u2019s in the\n                    <jats:italic>Journal of Internal Medicine<\/jats:italic>\n                    , provides a compelling graphical display of the pre\u2010specified primary outcomes of six long\u2010term clinical trials as they were published over time. The pattern of early positive trials, then newer negative (null) trials, suggests regression to the truth. Jeon and Cho et\u00a0al.\u2019s population\u2010wide study in the\n                    <jats:italic>Journal of Internal Medicine<\/jats:italic>\n                    of patients with Type 2 diabetes and gout found no benefit from colchicine over nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs on major adverse cardiovascular events. This information suggests several areas for reform of research on inflammation in atherosclerosis. Fully informed consent should require that clinical trials of anti\u2010inflammatory agents in atherosclerotic arterial disease must disclose to trial participants the failures of this approach in over 50 clinical trials to date, spanning decades. Additionally, the field might reconsider its commitment to the Big Idea that inflammation must be a definitive therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. The track record so far for inflammation inhibition in atherosclerosis is extensive and disappointing\u2014a fact that merits wider discussion. Therapeutic successes from targeting cholesterol\u2010rich, apolipoprotein\u2010B\u2010containing lipoproteins\u2014the proven causative agents of this disease\u2014provide extraordinary evidence. Current data for colchicine and other anti\u2010inflammatory therapies do not.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:25:14Z","timestamp":1783913114000},"page":"258-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti\u2010inflammatory agents in atherosclerosis\u2014and a need for reform: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"300","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0000-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Jon","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","article-title":"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence","author":"Sagan C","year":"1991","journal-title":"C\u2010SPAN Live."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","article-title":"Majesty of Reason: Do extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence?","author":"Schmid J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Majesty of Reason Podcast."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.70012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433\u2010200306000\u201000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"TardifJ\u2010C.Early administration of low\u2010dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. 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