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Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for total VD and 12 subtypes. Dose\u2013response relationships and joint associations and interactions of tea consumption with smoking and PA were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a mean follow\u2010up of 9.05 years, 14,863 incident VD cases occurred. Habitual tea consumption was associated with lower total VD risk (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.888, 95%CI 0.857\u20130.921) and several major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes. Associations varied by tea\u2010drinking characteristics: Black tea showed more consistent inverse associations than green tea, moderate\u2010strength tea was associated with lower risk, whereas \u2018burning hot\u2019 tea was associated with higher VD risk (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.160, 95%CI 1.090\u20131.236). Tea intake showed non\u2010linear dose\u2013response associations, with the lowest estimated risk at approximately 6\u20138 cups\/day among weekly drinkers. The combination of habitual tea consumption, non\u2010smoking and high PA was associated with the lowest VD risk (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.548, 95%CI 0.492\u20130.609), with evidence of sub\u2010additive tea\u2013PA interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Habitual tea consumption was associated with lower VD risk, with associations varying by drinking characteristics and intake level. Tea consumption combined with non\u2010smoking and high PA was associated with the lowest risk. These findings support considering multidimensional tea\u2010drinking and lifestyle patterns in vascular health research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.70172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T07:02:11Z","timestamp":1792566131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Habitual tea consumption is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0585-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zichen","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Policy and Management Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing 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