{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:06:47Z","timestamp":1792109207125,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG017265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG017265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG064491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG064491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Marriage and Family"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if there are gender differences in trends in spousal caregiving among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While some evidence suggests that men are increasingly adopting caregiving roles, this trend has yet to be demonstrated in population\u2010representative data, and little is known about the types of caregiving tasks men are providing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (2002\u20132018), we investigate trends in the prevalence of spousal caregiving among both men and women. We also analyze subcategories of caregiving, including primary versus secondary caregiving, activities of daily living versus instrumental activities of daily living, and high\u2010intensity versus low\u2010intensity care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While we observe no change in spousal caregiving rates among women over time, the prevalence of male spousal caregivers rose from approximately 6% to 11% between 2002 and 2018. However, this increase is mostly reflected in secondary, instrumental, and low\u2010intensity caregiving roles. The characteristics of male spousal caregivers have also shifted, with growing representation among Hispanic individuals, younger cohorts, highly educated men, those who are less depressed, more affluent, and those caring for older spouses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of male spousal caregivers has been increasing, but significant gender disparities persist, particularly in primary caregiving, activities of daily living, and intensive caregiving roles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.70030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T03:14:29Z","timestamp":1758942869000},"page":"584-595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Male Spousal Caregivers Are Increasing, but Only in Less Demanding Care Roles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2385-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungmin","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology University of Washington  Seattle USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ailshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Caregiving in the U.S. 2020","author":"AARP and National Alliance for Caregiving","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Breaking Stereotypes: Spotlight on Male Family Caregivers","author":"Accius J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.4.S187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X18001320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102648.2007.04290.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10748407231222291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Bugliari D. 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