{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:10:51Z","timestamp":1789971051629,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,29]],"date-time":"2015-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Instututes of Health","award":["R01 HL-113251, R01 NR-015038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL-113251, R01 NR-015038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) subjects show brain injury in sites that control autonomic, cognitive, and mood functions that are deficient in the condition. The processes contributing to injury may include altered blood\u2010brain barrier (BBB) actions. Our aim was to examine BBB function, based on diffusion\u2010weighted pseudo\u2010continuous arterial spin labeling (DW\u2010pCASL) procedures, in OSA compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed DW\u2010pCASL imaging in nine OSA and nine controls on a 3.0\u2010Tesla MRI scanner. Global mean gray and white matter arterial transient time (ATT, an index of large artery integrity), water exchange rate across the BBB (Kw, BBB function), DW\u2010pCASL ratio, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) values were compared between OSA and control subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Global mean gray and white matter ATT (OSA vs. controls; gray matter, 1.691 \u00b1 .120 vs. 1.658 \u00b1 .109 second, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .49; white matter, 1.700 \u00b1 .115 vs. 1.650 \u00b1 .114 second, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .44), and CBF values (gray matter, 57.4 \u00b1 15.8 vs. 58.2 \u00b1 10.7 ml\/100 g\/min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .67; white matter, 24.2 \u00b1 7.0 vs. 24.6 \u00b1 6.7 ml\/100 g\/min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .91) did not differ significantly, but global gray and white matter Kw (gray matter, 158.0 \u00b1 28.9 vs. 220.8 \u00b1 40.6 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .002; white matter, 177.5 \u00b1 57.2 vs. 261.1 \u00b1 51.0 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .006), and DW\u2010pCASL ratio (gray matter, .727 \u00b1 .076 vs. .823 \u00b1 .069, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .011; white matter, .722 \u00b1 .144 vs. .888 \u00b1 .100, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .004) values were significantly reduced in OSA over controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>OSA subjects show compromised BBB function, but intact large artery integrity. The BBB alterations may introduce neural damage contributing to abnormal functions in OSA, and suggest a need to repair BBB function with strategies commonly used in other fields.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T14:41:32Z","timestamp":1441204892000},"page":"900-905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Water Exchange across the Blood\u2010Brain Barrier in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An MRI Diffusion\u2010Weighted Pseudo\u2010Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Palomares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhakar","family":"Tummala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny J.J.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California  Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences University of California  Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bumhee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA School of Nursing University of California  Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California  Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith S. 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