{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:40:11Z","timestamp":1761975611922},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Switzerland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some gadolinium\u2010enhancing multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions remain T1\u2010hypointense over months (\u201cpersistent black holes, BHs\u201d) and represent areas of pronounced tissue loss. A reduced conversion of enhancing lesions to persistent BHs could suggest a favorable effect of a medication on tissue repair. However, the individual tracking of enhancing lesions can be very time\u2010consuming in large clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PURPOSE<\/jats:title><jats:p>We created a semiautomated workflow for tracking the evolution of individual MS lesions, to calculate the proportion of enhancing lesions becoming persistent BHs at follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our workflow automatically coregisters, compares, and detects overlaps between lesion masks at different time points. We tested the algorithm in a data set of Magnetic Resonance images (1.5 and 3T; spin\u2010echo T1\u2010sequences) from a phase 3 clinical trial (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,272), in which all enhancing lesions and all BHs had been previously segmented at baseline and year 2. The algorithm analyzed the segmentation masks in a longitudinal fashion to determine which enhancing lesions at baseline turned into BHs at year 2. Images of 50 patients (192 enhancing lesions) were also reviewed by an experienced MRI rater, blinded to the algorithm results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this MRI data set, there were no cases that could not be processed by the algorithm. At year 2, 417 lesions were classified as persistent BHs (417\/1,613 = 25.9%). The agreement between the rater and the algorithm was &gt; 98%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the semiautomated procedure, this algorithm can be of great value in the analysis of large clinical trials, when a rater\u2010based analysis would be time\u2010consuming.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T00:18:09Z","timestamp":1490919489000},"page":"469-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tracking the Evolution of Cerebral Gadolinium\u2010Enhancing Lesions to Persistent T1 Black Holes in Multiple Sclerosis: Validation of a Semiautomated Pipeline"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Andermatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Basel  Basel CH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic and Policlinic University Hospital Basel and University of Basel  Basel CH"},{"name":"Medical Image Analysis Center  Basel CH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernst\u2010Wilhelm","family":"Radue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Analysis Center  Basel CH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Sprenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic and Policlinic University Hospital Basel and University of Basel  Basel CH"},{"name":"Medical Image Analysis Center  Basel CH"},{"name":"Department of Neurology DKD HELIOS Klinik Wiesbaden  Wiesbaden Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Cattin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Basel  Basel CH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70103-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510393770"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ea15aa"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1282"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1051228405283291"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/1251"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12307"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6.1469","article-title":"Accumulation of hypointense lesions (\u2018black holes\u2019) on T1 spin\u2010echo MRI correlates with disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Truyen L","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909494"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(00)00052-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Robust registration of multi\u2010modal images: towards real\u2010time clinical applications","volume":"5","author":"Ourselin S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362342.362367"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d7d651"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12307"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"675","article-title":"Patterns of lesion development in multiple sclerosis: longitudinal observations with T1\u2010weighted spin\u2010echo and magnetization transfer MR","volume":"19","author":"Waesberghe JH","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.640455.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.4.731","article-title":"European\u2044Canadian glatiramer acetate study group. 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