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Dilated PVSs can pose a diagnostic dilemma for radiologists because of their varied appearance, sometimes mimicking more serious entities such as cystic neoplasms, including dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor, or cystic infections including toxoplasmosis and neurocysticercosis. In addition, various pathologic processes, including cryptococcosis and chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids, can spread into the brain via PVSs, resulting in characteristic magnetic resonance imaging appearances. This review aims to describe the key imaging characteristics of normal and dilated PVSs, as well as cystic mimics and pathologic processes that directly involve PVSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T01:44:38Z","timestamp":1514339078000},"page":"139-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Neuroimaging of Dilated Perivascular Spaces: From Benign and Pathologic Causes to Mimics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Rudie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas M.","family":"Rauschecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed A.","family":"Nabavizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyash","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01960918"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Recherches sur quelques particularites de la structure des capillaires de l'encephale","volume":"2","author":"Robin C.","year":"1859","journal-title":"J Physiol Homme Animaux"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Interrelation\u2010ship of the pia mater and the perivascular (Virchow\u2010Robin) spaces in the human cerebrum","volume":"170","author":"Zhang ET","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200211000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-006-0112-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"929","article-title":"Large Virchow\u2010Robin spaces: MR\u2013clinical correlation","volume":"10","author":"Heier LA","year":"1989","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.274065722"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/197140090902200502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-015-1491-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4237"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000049142"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jscd.2001.25456"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"719","article-title":"Dilated perivascular spaces: Hallmarks of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Inglese M","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.030858"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"349","article-title":"Thalamic dementia. 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