{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:09:03Z","timestamp":1790842143867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["NINDS R01 NS050915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NINDS R01 NS050915"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["NIDCD K24 DC015544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDCD K24 DC015544"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["NIA P01 AG019724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA P01 AG019724"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["NIA P50 AG023501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA P50 AG023501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases can affect the spinal cord (SC) of pediatric patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for in vivo quantification of SC atrophy via cross\u2010sectional area (CSA). The study of CSA values in the general population is important to disentangle disease\u2010related changes from intersubject variability. This study aimed at providing normative values for cervical CSA in children, extending our previous work performed with adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010eight children (age 7\u201017 years) were selected from a Developmental Dyslexia study. All subjects underwent a 3T brain MRI session and any incidental findings were reported on the scans. A sagittal 1 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>3\u2010dimensional T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted brain acquisition extended to the upper cervical cord was used to measure CSA at C2\u2010C3, as well as spinal canal area and skull volume (V\u2010scale). These three metrics were linearly fitted as a function of age to extract trends and percentage annual changes. Sex differences of CSA were assessed using least squares regression analyses, adjusting for age. We tested normalization strategies proven to be effective in reducing the intersubject variability of adults\u2019 CSA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>CSA changed as a function of age at a faster rate when compared with skull volume (CSA: 1.82% increase, V\u2010scale: .60% reduction). Sex had a statistically significant effect on CSA. Normalization methods based on canal area and skull volume reduced the CSA intersubject variability up to 16.84%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present CSA normative values in a large cohort of children, reporting on sources of intersubject variability and how to reduce them applying normalization methods previously developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T15:14:25Z","timestamp":1594221265000},"page":"598-602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["MRI Measurement of Upper Cervical Spinal Cord Cross\u2010Sectional Area in Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2184-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Papinutto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Cordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Asteggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Caverzasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Mandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lauricella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Yabut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Neylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Kirkish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Gorno\u2010Tempini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland G.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco 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