{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:35:31Z","timestamp":1789526131630,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims todetermine the sensitivity of superficial white matter (SWM) integrity as a metric to distinguish early multiple sclerosis (MS) patients from healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity (MD) values from SWM bundles across the cortex and major deep white matter (DWM) tracts were extracted from 29 early MS patients and 31 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched HC. Thickness of 68 cortical regions and resting\u2010state functional\u2010connectivity (RSFC) among them were calculated. The distribution of structural and functional metrics between groups were compared using Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum test. Utilizing a machine learning method (adaptive boosting), 6 models were built based on: 1\u2010SWM, 2\u2010DWM, 3\u2010SWM and DWM, 4\u2010cortical thickness, or 5\u2010RSFC measures. In model 6, all features from previous models were incorporated. The models were trained with nested 5\u2010folds cross\u2010validation. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC<jats:sub>roc<\/jats:sub>) values were calculated to evaluate classification performance of each model. Permutation tests were used to compare the AUC<jats:sub>roc<\/jats:sub> values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients had higher MD in SWM bundles including insula, inferior frontal, orbitofrontal, superior and medial temporal, and pre\u2010 and post\u2010central cortices (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). No group differences were found for any other MRI metric. The model incorporating SWM and DWM features provided the best classification (AUC<jats:sub>roc<\/jats:sub> = 0.75). The SWM model provided higher AUC<jats:sub>roc<\/jats:sub> (0.74), compared to DWM (0.63), cortical thickness (0.67), RSFC (0.63), and all\u2010features (0.68) models (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001 for all).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results reveal a non\u2010random pattern of SWM abnormalities at early stages of MS even before pronounced structural and functional alterations emerge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T08:20:17Z","timestamp":1631866817000},"page":"36-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Machine learning to investigate superficial white matter integrity in early multiple 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