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The differential diagnosis may be challenging but making the correct ultimate diagnosis is critical, since prognosis and treatments differ, and inappropriate therapy may promote disability. In the last two decades, significant advances have been made in MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD including new diagnostic criteria with better characterization of typical clinical symptoms and suggestive imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) lesions. MRI is invaluable in making the ultimate diagnosis. An increasing amount of new evidence with respect to the specificity of observed lesions as well as the associated dynamic changes in the acute and follow\u2010up phase in each condition has been reported in distinct studies recently published. Additionally, differences in brain (including the optic nerve) and spinal cord lesion patterns between MS, aquaporin4\u2010antibody\u2010positive NMOSD, and MOGAD have been described. We therefore present a narrative review on the most relevant findings in brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve lesions on conventional MRI for distinguishing adult patients with MS from NMOSD and MOGAD in clinical practice. In this context, cortical and central vein sign lesions, brain and spinal cord lesions characteristic of MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD, optic nerve involvement, role of MRI at follow\u2010up, and new proposed diagnostic criteria to differentiate MS from NMOSD and MOGAD were discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T03:21:25Z","timestamp":1686885685000},"page":"688-702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["MRI to differentiate multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7435-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Carnero Contentti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurosciences Hospital Alem\u00e1n Buenos Aires 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