{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T01:19:18Z","timestamp":1772500758937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OD025340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD025340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB029251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB029251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#75N98022C000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#75N98022C000018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating chronic intractable pain in the back, trunk, or limbs through stimulation of the dorsal column. Numerous studies have used swine as an analog of the human spinal cord to better understand SCS and further improve its efficacy. We performed high\u2010resolution imaging of the porcine spinal cord with intact dura mater using micro\u2010computed tomography (\u03bcCT) to construct detailed 3\u2010dimensional (3D) visualizations of the spinal cord and characterize the morphology of the dorsal and ventral rootlets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We obtained spinal cords from Yorkshire\/Landrace crossbred swine (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07), stained samples with osmium tetroxide, and performed \u03bcCT imaging of the T12\u2010T15 levels at isotropic voxel resolutions ranging from 3.3 to 50\u00a0\u03bcm. We measured the anatomical morphology using the 3D volumes and compared our results to measurements previously collected from swine and human spinal cords via microdissection techniques in prior literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the porcine thoracic\u2010lumbar spinal cord is a popular model for SCS, we highlight multiple notable differences compared to previously published T8\u2010T12 human measurements including rootlet counts (porcine dorsal\/ventral: 12.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6, 26.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4; human dorsal\/ventral: 5.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.3, 4.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.4), rootlet angles (porcine ventral\u2010rostral: 161\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01\u00b0, ventral\u2010caudal: 155\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06\u00b0, dorsal\u2010rostral: 148\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09\u00b0, dorsal\u2010caudal: 142\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06\u00b0; human ventral\u2010rostral: 170\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00b0, ventral\u2010caudal: 22\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\u00b0, dorsal\u2010rostral: 171\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00b0, dorsal\u2010caudal: 15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07\u00b0), and the presence and count of dorsal rootlet bundles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Detailed measurements and highlighted differences between human and porcine spinal cords can inform variations in modeling and electrophysiological experiments between the two species. In contrast to other approaches for measuring the spinal cord and rootlet morphology, our method keeps the dura intact, reducing potential artifacts from dissection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T05:05:18Z","timestamp":1728623118000},"page":"646-663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quantification of porcine lower thoracic spinal cord morphology with intact dura mater using high\u2010resolution \u03bcCT"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1482-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center Rehabilitation Research and Development  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan L.","family":"Settell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7653-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meagan K.","family":"Brucker\u2010Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center Rehabilitation Research and Development  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9791-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jichu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9303-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniruddha R.","family":"Upadhye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center Rehabilitation Research and Development  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3436-9087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlesha","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kip A.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3885-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor A.","family":"Lavrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Neurology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1105-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Crofton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cell Biology University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0964-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott F.","family":"Lempka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEURAL Lab Abbott Neuromodulation  Plano Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Shoffstall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center Rehabilitation Research and Development  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Worth Health Organization.Low back pain. Accessed 15 Sept 2023.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/low\u2010back\u2010pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196705000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0023-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab8fc4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06094-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02202-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-104346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.6.SPINE181099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-023-00106-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059126"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/aceca4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"The porcine cervical spine as a model of the human lumbar spine: an anatomical, geometric, and functional comparison","volume":"12","author":"Yingling VR","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148610"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2386"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1326-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0159-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","article-title":"Percutaneous thoracic spinal cord stimulator placement","volume":"13","author":"Westrup AM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.1998.tb00019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.256423"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"6555","article-title":"A model of evoked potentials in spinal cord stimulation (abstract)","volume":"2013","author":"Laird JH","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.166.1.8571871"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/ac9643"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108652"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16354-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02498-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7657-3_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/aes-21-31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.237693"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1079026814Z.000000000273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.601479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/ajo-20-46"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/809568"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-07182-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42058-020-00029-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.533471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14166-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4789"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37674-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092240114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.105056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.11.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jon.13239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T12:36:49Z","timestamp":1731328609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jon.13239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jon.13239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jon.13239","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-2284","1552-6569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-2284","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}