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Diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography shows the potential ability to describe the trajectory of the OCN. However, reconstruction of the OCN in the cavernous sinus is still challenging due to the complex tissue environment at the skull base.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we integrated anatomical knowledge to propose a unified framework for OCN tractography, using 45 dMRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project subjects aged 22\u201336\u00a0years and data from four neurosurgical patients aged 41\u201353\u00a0years with visual behavior disorders. We first employed automatically labeled direct and indirect anatomical landmarks as reference locations for individualized tractography. Next, we compared five widely used cranial nerve reconstruction algorithms to assess the most suitable method for OCN reconstruction. Finally, we tested the combination of the unified framework and the optimized tractography method in tumor patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that unscented Kalman filter (UKF)\u20102T and probabilistic tractography outperformed other methods in OCN fiber tractography, owing to their \u201cstep\u2010by\u2010step\u201d fiber direction computation and multidirectional consideration, respectively. In neurosurgical patients, UKF\u20102T effectively reconstructed OCN fibers around lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study provides valuable insights for researchers and clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of OCN\u2010related diseases and neurosurgeries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T07:23:17Z","timestamp":1750922597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unified Framework for Oculomotor Nerve Reconstruction: Tractography\u2010Based Anatomical Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Processing and Automation, College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial United Key Laboratory of Embedded Systems  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingrun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Processing and Automation, College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial United Key Laboratory of Embedded Systems  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Processing and Automation, College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial United Key Laboratory of Embedded Systems  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University  Changsha China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Processing and Automation, College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial United Key Laboratory of Embedded Systems  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingchu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9398-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanjing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Processing and Automation, College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial United Key Laboratory of Embedded Systems  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2020.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.1.JNS081185"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1665","article-title":"MR of Oculomotor Nerve Palsy","volume":"16","author":"Blake P. 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