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Specifically, we critically appraise their relative strengths and weaknesses for assessing mechanisms associated with the oro\u2010facial pain conditions and interpret that information in the light of their current value for use in diagnosis. In the third section, we explore biomarkers through the perspective of ontological realism. We discuss ontological problems of biomarkers as currently widely conceptualised and implemented. This leads to recommendations for research practice aimed to a better understanding of the potential contribution that biomarkers might make to oro\u2010facial pain diagnosis and thereby fulfil our goal for an expanded multidimensional framework for oro\u2010facial pain conditions that would include a third axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T12:10:53Z","timestamp":1437567053000},"page":"956-966","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Perspectives on next steps in classification of oro\u2010facial pain \u2013 Part 3: biomarkers of chronic oro\u2010facial pain \u2013 from research to clinic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"Ceusters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Nasri\u2010Heir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Alnaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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