{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:11:31Z","timestamp":1789495891849,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005934","name":"Malm\u00f6 H\u00f6gskola","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010cultural differences in pain sensitivity have been identified in pain\u2010free subjects as well as in chronic pain patients. The aim was to assess the impact of culture on psychophysical measures using mechanical and electrical stimuli in patients with temporomandibular disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>) pain and pain\u2010free matched controls in three cultures. This case\u2013control study compared 122 female cases of chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> pain (39 Saudis, 41 Swedes and 42 Italians) with equal numbers of age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010free controls. Pressure pain threshold (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content>) and tolerance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content>o) were measured over one hand and two masticatory muscles. Electrical perception threshold and electrical pain threshold (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPT<\/jats:styled-content>) and tolerance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPT<\/jats:styled-content>o) were recorded between the thumb and index fingers. Italian females reported significantly lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content> in the masseter muscle than other cultures (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001) and in the temporalis muscle than Saudis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7003). Swedes reported significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content> in the thenar muscle than other cultures (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7017). Italians reported significantly lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content>o in all muscles than Swedes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0\u00b7006) and in the masseter muscle than Saudis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001). Italians reported significantly lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPT<\/jats:styled-content>o than other cultures (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b701). Temporomandibular disorder cases, compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010free controls, reported lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content>o in all the three muscles (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001). This study found cultural differences between groups in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPT<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> PPT<\/jats:styled-content>o and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPT<\/jats:styled-content>o. Overall, Italian females reported the highest sensitivity to both mechanical and electrical stimulation, while Swedes reported the lowest sensitivity. Mechanical pain thresholds differed more across cultures than did electrical pain thresholds. Cultural factors may influence response to type of pain test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T17:33:16Z","timestamp":1442338396000},"page":"81-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["The effect of culture on pain sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Al\u2010Harthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Umm Al\u2010Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON) Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Ohrbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences School of Dental Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Michelotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders School of Dentistry University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"List","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON) Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Skane University Hospital Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1952.tb01860.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(84)90015-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Cross\u2010cultural conceptions of pain and pain control","volume":"15","author":"Free MM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Culture and pain. 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