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Patients were divided into subgroups:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010muscle [temporomandibular disorders (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>) mainly associated with myalgia];<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010joint (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>mainly associated with temporomandibular joint pain); and burning mouth syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>). The primary outcome was pain intensity reduction after pharmacological treatment. The scientific quality of the evidence was rated according to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GRADE<\/jats:styled-content>. An electronic search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content>from database inception to 1 March 2017 combined with a handsearch identified 1552 articles. After screening of abstracts, 178 articles were reviewed in full text and 57 studies met the inclusion criteria. After risk of bias assessment, 41 articles remained: 15 studies on 790 patients classified as<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010joint, nine on 375 patients classified as<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010muscle and 17 on 868 patients with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Of these, eight studies on<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010muscle, and five on<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>were included in separate network meta\u2010analysis. The narrative synthesis suggests that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s as well as corticosteroid and hyaluronate injections are effective treatments for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010joint pain. The network meta\u2010analysis showed that clonazepam and capsaicin reduced pain intensity in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>, and the muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine, for the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010muscle group. In conclusion, based on a limited number of studies, evidence provided with network meta\u2010analysis showed that clonazepam and capsaicin are effective in treatment of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>and that the muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine has a positive treatment effect for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010muscle pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T12:28:42Z","timestamp":1498566522000},"page":"800-826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Pharmacological treatment of oro\u2010facial pain \u2013 health technology assessment including a systematic review with network meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"H\u00e4ggman\u2010Henrikson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Odontology\/Clinical Oral Physiology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Odontology Health Technology Assessment \u2013 Odontology (HTA\u2010O) Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Alstergren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON) Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Odontology Health Technology Assessment \u2013 Odontology (HTA\u2010O) Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences Division of Health Care Analysis Link\u00f6ping University Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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