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Measures included a survey of treatments received and a belief scale regarding contributing, aggravating and treatment\u2010relevant factors related to the pain. All questionnaires were translated from English and culturally adapted. Comparisons among cultural groups were performed using a linear regression model for continuous variables and logistic regression model for dichotomous variables. A <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study found no significant associations between cultures and the type of practitioners consulted previously. Treatments differed among cultures: Swedes most commonly received behavioural therapy, acupuncture and an occlusal appliance; Saudis most commonly received Islamic medicine; and Italians most commonly received an antidepressant. Swedes were significantly more likely than Saudis and Italians to believe that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> pain treatment should address behavioural factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among Saudi, Italian and Swedish women with chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> pain, culture does not influence the type of practitioner consulted before visiting a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> specialist or their beliefs about contributing and aggravating factors for their pain. However, treatment types and beliefs concerning mechanisms underlying the pain differed cross\u2010culturally, with local availability or larger cultural beliefs also probably influencing the types of treatments that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMD<\/jats:styled-content> patients pursue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T01:48:52Z","timestamp":1530668932000},"page":"659-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cross\u2010cultural differences in types and beliefs about treatment in women with temporomandibular disorder pain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al\u2010Harthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences Faculty of 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