{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T02:09:28Z","timestamp":1746497368664,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["21330152","24653194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21330152","24653194"]}]},{"name":"Health Labour Sciences Research Grant for Research on Cardiovascular and Life-Style Related Diseases"},{"name":"MEXT KAKENHI","award":["15H05025","16H05523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05025","16H05523"]}]},{"name":"Human science project of the Osaka University Graduate School of Human Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is increasing evidence of causal links between poor mastication and cognitive impairment, but possible effects of dietary hardness, which clearly affects mastication, on cognitive function are unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the hypothesis that hardness of the habitual diet would be associated with cognitive function among older Japanese adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The subjects of this cross\u2010sectional study were 635 Japanese community\u2010dwelling people aged 69\u201071\u00a0years. The masticatory muscle activity required for the habitual diet was used to determine dietary hardness. Consumption of 38 foods was assessed by a validated, brief\u2010type, self\u2010administered diet history questionnaire. A published database was then used to estimate the masticatory muscle activity involved in the ingestion of these foods. The Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Mo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010J) was used for the measurement of cognitive function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The principal contributors to dietary hardness were cooked rice (28.0%), green leafy vegetables (5.1%), dried fish (4.9%), and pork and beef (4.6%). There was a positive association between dietary hardness and Mo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010J score that was robust to adjustment for potential confounders (Mo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010J score per 100\u2010unit increase in dietary hardness: \u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.83 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.08, 1.59], <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.03). These results did not change materially even after exclusion of subjects who reported substantial changes in their diet for any reason (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.94 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.02, 1.86], <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This preliminary cross\u2010sectional study suggests that dietary hardness might have a beneficial effect on cognitive function in older Japanese people. Further prospective studies with more accurate measurements are needed to confirm this finding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T13:24:53Z","timestamp":1539696293000},"page":"151-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hardness of the habitual diet and its relationship with cognitive function among 70\u2010year\u2010old Japanese elderly: Findings from the <scp>SONIC<\/scp> Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitomi","family":"Okubo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion National Institute of Public Health  Saitama 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Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Kamide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukie","family":"Masui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasumichi","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research Keio University, School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Ishizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology  Tokyo 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