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Pain that transitions from an acute to a chronic phase carries with it the potential of further effects: these include a worsening of the disease or illness; high\u2010impact chronic pain; and substantial personal, societal and economic burden. The biopsychosocial model directly addresses these multiple processes, yet clinical frameworks supporting this model are not universally implemented. This paper explores barriers to clinical implementation of a full biopsychosocial framework for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and other oro\u2010facial pain (OFP) conditions. In June 2016, INfORM invited OFP researchers to a workshop designed to optimise the DC\/TMD Axis\u2010II. Workshop groups identified five sources of implementation barriers: (1) cultures and societies, (2) levels\u2010of\u2010care settings, (3) health services, (4) cross\u2010cultural validity of self\u2010report instruments and (5) provider and patient health literacy. Three core problems emerged: (A) mental health aspects are seldom fully considered, thus impairing the recognition of illness, (B) training in use of validated multi\u2010axial assessment protocols is under\u2010rated and insufficiently used, and (C) clinical assessment often fails to recognise that sensory and emotional dimensions are fundamental aspects of pain. To improve patient care, these barriers and problems require action. Most importantly, TMD\/OFP educators and researchers need to coordinate globally and (i) be educated in the biopsychosocial model, (ii) implement evidence\u2010based biopsychosocial guidelines for assessment and management of OFP conditions at their institutions, (iii) incorporate this model in undergraduate and postgraduate dental curricula and (iv) be responsive to stakeholders, including regulatory authorities and practitioners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T18:05:56Z","timestamp":1565373956000},"page":"87-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Challenges in the clinical implementation of a biopsychosocial model for assessment and management of orofacial pain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Breckons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health &amp; Society Newcastle University Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Br\u00f6nnimann Lambelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Services of District Aargau Ambulatory Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Woo","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"List","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Lobbezoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Nixdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of TMD and Orofacial Pain, School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Fernando","family":"Oyarzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TMD and Orofacial Pain, Faculty of Odontology Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry The University of Sydney Surry Hills NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Tsukiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dental Education, Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Ohrbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.581"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Constitution of WHO: principles.http:\/\/www.who.int\/about\/mission\/en\/. 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