{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:50:21Z","timestamp":1791384621790,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The social habit of chewing qat (also known as khat) is widely practised in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It has been linked with various oro\u2010facial conditions, including temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). This cross\u2010sectional, comparative study sought to investigate the effects of qat chewing on temporomandibular joint (TMJ), using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 85 Yemeni males were included. The participants were divided into two groups: Qat chewers (QC; n\u00a0=\u00a041) and non\u2010qat chewers (NQC; n\u00a0=\u00a044). Relevant data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and standardised clinical examination. Additionally, CBCT images of the TMJs were obtained, and then, osteoarthritic changes and TMJ dimensions were analysed. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analyses, with a significant level was set at 0.05. Compared to NQC, a significantly higher proportion of QC presented with clinical signs of TMDs. The qualitative CBCT findings revealed significantly higher osteoarthritic changes in QC than in NQC: osteophyte (51.2% vs 22.7%;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.008), subcortical sclerosis (48.8% vs 27.3%;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.047), articular surface flattening (46.3% vs 6.8%;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.009) and subcortical cysts (43.9% vs 4.5%;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). However, CBCT quantitative findings (condylar dimensions) did not show significant differences between the two groups. The chewing side of the QC group showed slightly more changes compared to the non\u2010chewing side. The results demonstrate that qat chewing has detrimental effects on TMJ manifested mainly as osteoarthritic changes. Further large\u2010scale studies are recommended.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T15:25:56Z","timestamp":1600701956000},"page":"1538-1549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cone beam computed tomography findings in temporomandibular joint of chronic qat chewers: Dimensional and osteoarthritic changes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer A.","family":"Almashraqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences College of Dentistry Jazan University  Jazan Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Ibb University  Ibb Republic of Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1894-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esam S.","family":"Halboub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences College of Dentistry Jazan University  Jazan Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Sana'a University  Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadeq A.","family":"Al\u2010Maweri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Sana'a University  Yemen"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences AlFarabi Colleges for Dentistry and Nursing  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imad","family":"Barngkgei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Faculty of Dentistry Al\u2010Wataniya Private University  Hama Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Al\u2010wesabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science Faculty of Dentistry University of Science and Technology  Sana'a Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam","family":"Al\u2010kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science Faculty of Dentistry University of Science and Technology  Sana'a Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1402-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged S.","family":"Alhammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics College of Dentistry Jazan University  Jazan Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Faculty of Dentistry Ibb University  Ibb Republic of Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulwahab H.","family":"Alamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences College of Dentistry Jazan University  Jazan Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-2434-7","article-title":"Factors affecting current khat chewing among male adults 15\u201359 years in Ethiopia, 2016: a multi\u2010level analysis from Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey","volume":"20","author":"Akalu TY","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC 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