{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:31:02Z","timestamp":1785504662657,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical use of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in masticatory muscles is usually bilateral, but most studies on the functional consequences of BoNT treatment have used unilaterally treated animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the hypothesis that bilateral BoNT treatment of the rabbit masseter hampers mastication and to assess its effects on bone density of the mandibular condyles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten 5\u2010month\u2010old female rabbits received injections of BoNT into both masseter muscles and nine sham animals received saline. Body weight, incisor bite force during masseter tetany, and surface and fine\u2010wire electromyography (EMG) of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles were assessed at regular intervals. Half the sample was terminated after 4\u2009weeks and the remainder after 12\u2009weeks. Muscles were weighed and mandibular condyles were scanned with microCT to analyse bone density.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>BoNT rabbits lost weight and required a soft\u2010food diet. Incisor occlusal force plummeted after BoNT injection and remained lower than the shams. The duration of masticatory cycles was increased in the BoNT rabbits for 5\u2009weeks, with most of the increase due to the adductor burst. Masseteric EMG amplitude began to improve at Week 5, but remained low on the working side throughout the experiment. At the 12\u2010week endpoint, masseter muscles were smaller in the BoNT rabbits. Medial pterygoid muscles did not compensate. Condylar bone density was reduced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bilateral treatment of the rabbit masseter by BoNT severely affected chewing performance. Even after a 3\u2010month recovery period, deficits remained in bite force, muscle size and condylar bone density.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T12:39:40Z","timestamp":1683981580000},"page":"775-781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bilateral treatment of the masseter with botulinum toxin: Consequences for mastication, muscle force and the mandibular condyle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Zi\u2010Jun (Zee)","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Rafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Washington  Seattle Washington 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