{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:52:14Z","timestamp":1772160734682,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018629","name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004368","name":"Colgate-Palmolive Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The Fijian \u2018Bula Smile\u2019 is often described as the world's friendliest; however, its description remains anecdotal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to describe and compare the dynamics of Fijians' smiles with those of New Zealand Europeans.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n An observational study was conducted on two ethnic groups, Fijians (FJ;\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200923) and New Zealand Europeans (NZ;\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200923), age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched. All participants were asked to watch amusing videos, and their reactions were video recorded. The videos were analysed by software to assess the frequency, duration, intensity and genuineness of smiling episodes. Based on the Facial Action Coding System, Action Unit 6 (AU6\u2014cheek raiser), Action Unit 12 (AU12\u2014lip corner puller) and Action Unit 25 (AU25\u2014lips apart) were assessed. Data were analysed by generalised linear models after adjusting for personality traits.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Fijians smiled longer than New Zealand Europeans (+19.9%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.027). Mean intensity of AU6 (+1.0; 95%CIs\u2009=\u20090.6\u20131.5;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), AU12 (+0.5; 95%CIs\u2009=\u20090.1\u20130.9;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.008) and AU25 (+22.3%; 95%CIs\u2009=\u20097.3%\u201337.3%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.005) were significantly higher in FJ group than the NZ group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Smiling features of Fijians and New Zealanders showed objective differences, the most distinctive being a higher activation of the Duchenne's marker (AU6) in the Fijian group, which is regarded as a sign of smile genuineness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T08:54:17Z","timestamp":1714035257000},"page":"1373-1378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Smile dynamics: A comparative study of Fijians and NZ Europeans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Reginald","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisham","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona A.","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Bennani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamin 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