{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:12:46Z","timestamp":1787883166946,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic pain around the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory muscles is a primary symptom of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, the clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in predicting TMD\u2010related pain remains unclear. This study aimed to develop and interpret machine learning (ML) models based on MRI characteristics for predicting pain severity in patients with TMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present retrospective study included 584 patients with TMD between January 2022 and December 2024, yielding a total of 755 TMJ MRI data sets. Pain severity was classified using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Demographic variables (age, sex) and MRI features\u2014including lesion side, disc position, disc morphology, disc signal, disc perforation, bilaminar zone tear, joint space, joint effusion, condylar movement, bony changes and morphology\/signal of the lateral pterygoid muscle\u2014were collected. Eleven ML models based on demographic and MRI features were developed: logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosting classifier (GBC), bagging classifier (BC), extremely randomised trees (ETC), decision tree classifier (DTC) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). Model performance was evaluated using multiple metrics, including the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and F1 score. Precision\u2013recall (PR) curves and calibration curves were plotted to assess discrimination and model calibration. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was conducted to evaluate the clinical net benefit across a range of threshold probabilities. Model interpretability was enhanced using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), which quantified the contribution of each feature to individual predictions. Feature selection was conducted based on mean SHAP values, and separate LightGBM models were constructed using the Top 3, 5, and 9 most important features, as well as the full\u2010feature set, for performance comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The data set was randomly divided into a training set (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009604) and a test set (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009151). Among the 11 ML models, the LightGBM model demonstrated the best predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.899, and was therefore identified as the optimal model. SHAP analysis identified age, disc position and condylar movement as the top three contributing features. Feature selection analysis indicated that selecting the top nine SHAP\u2010ranked variables led to the highest diagnostic performance, with an AUC of 0.829.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed an interpretable, high\u2010performing MRI\u2010based ML model incorporating SHAP analysis to integrate imaging and clinical features for objective pain assessment, which may help identify high\u2010risk TMD patients and guide personalised treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.70108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:20:09Z","timestamp":1763468409000},"page":"609-620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Interpretable Machine Learning Model Based on\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    Features for Predicting Pain Severity in Temporomandibular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Chuanfang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengbin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiena","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4716-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0802472"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2008.72.8.tb04569.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"378","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"91","author":"Gauer R. 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