{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:52:35Z","timestamp":1788022355176,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and chronic orofacial pain are multifactorial conditions influenced by complex neurobiological and systemic mechanisms. Recent findings emphasise the gut\u2013brain axis as a central modulator of pain, neuroinflammation, and immune signalling. Nevertheless, the role of the gut microbiota in TMD pathogenesis and oral rehabilitation remains insufficiently characterised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science up to December 2024 using combinations of keywords including \u201cgut microbiota,\u201d \u201ctemporomandibular disorder,\u201d and \u201corofacial pain.\u201d Eligible publications included clinical studies, systematic and narrative reviews, meta\u2010analyses, and theoretical works addressing microbiota\u2013pain relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent Mendelian randomization studies reveal causal associations between specific bacterial genera and TMD risk. Experimental models demonstrate that gut dysbiosis exacerbates temporomandibular joint inflammation and neuroinflammatory responses, while restoring microbial balance through probiotics or faecal microbiota transplantation alleviates pain hypersensitivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that microbial metabolites such as short\u2010chain fatty acids, GABA, and serotonin modulate trigeminal pain pathways via vagal and immune signalling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence supports a bidirectional gut\u2013brain\u2013jaw communication system influencing both peripheral and central pain mechanisms. Incorporating microbiome\u2010targeted approaches\u2014such as dietary modulation, probiotics, and microbial therapy\u2014may enhance TMD management and promote a more holistic, personalised model of oral rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.70156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1769518027000},"page":"939-944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gut\u2013Brain\u2013Jaw Axis: The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7972-8954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gargari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0039-0750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome 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