{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:15:23Z","timestamp":1792628123385,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tongue function is critical for essential activities such as feeding and sleep. In particular, tongue protrusion plays a key role in maintaining airway patency during sleep. However, standardised protocols for measuring tongue protrusion are lacking, and the reliability of tongue function assessments in children remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the intra\u2010 and inter\u2010rater reliability of a novel tongue protrusion measurement method using a 3D\u2010printed stand, alongside established tongue measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010six children aged 4 to 17\u2009years underwent two successive visits with the same rater and a third visit with a different rater, each spaced 1\u20134\u2009weeks apart. Tongue protrusion strength (pProt) and endurance (eProt), elevation strength (pElev) and endurance (eElev), and tongue pressure during swallowing (pSwal) were assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). An adjustable\u00a03D\u2010printed stand was developed and used to standardise the protrusion task. Tongue mobility was assessed using the Motricit\u00e9 Bucco\u2010Linguo\u2010Faciale tongue subscore (MBLF\u2010t), and mobility restriction due to the frenulum was measured with the Tongue Range of Motion Ratio (TRMR). Reliability was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>pProt showed good intra\u2010rater reliability and moderate inter\u2010rater reliability, while eProt demonstrated excellent intra\u2010rater and good inter\u2010rater reliability. All other outcomes exhibited at least good intra\u2010 and inter\u2010rater reliability, except for pElev, which showed slightly lower inter\u2010rater reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.73).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the reliability of tongue function assessments, including a novel IOPI\u2010based protrusion measurement method, supporting their use in future research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ID: NCT06166680\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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