{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T08:01:26Z","timestamp":1784966486295,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000421203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000421203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP\u20102021\u20100\u201002068; RS\u20102020\u2010II201373; RS\u20102023\u201000220628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP\u20102021\u20100\u201002068; RS\u20102020\u2010II201373; RS\u20102023\u201000220628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) effusion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered a radiologic sign of intra\u2010articular inflammation; however, its clinical relevance to pain and mandibular dysfunction remains inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to determine whether severity\u2010graded MRI\u2010detected TMJ effusion is associated with pain intensity and dysfunction in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective clinical imaging study included 221 patients with TMJ arthralgia diagnosed according to the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC\/TMD Axis I). TMJ effusion was assessed using 3.0\u2010T MRI and classified as Grade 0 (non\u2010effusion), Grade 1 (mild effusion), or Grade 2 (moderate\u2010to\u2010severe effusion). Pain and dysfunction were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS), dysfunction index (DI), palpation index (PI), craniomandibular index (CMI), symptom duration, and associated clinical symptoms. Group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the non\u2010effusion group, the effusion group showed significantly higher VAS (5.08\u2009\u00b1\u20092.16 vs. 3.45\u2009\u00b1\u20092.09,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), DI (0.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.24 vs. 0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014), and CMI (0.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.26 vs. 0.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025), as well as longer symptom duration (17.25\u2009\u00b1\u200932.34 vs. 6.34\u2009\u00b1\u200911.89\u2009months,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Across effusion grades, VAS, DI, PI, and CMI increased significantly in a dose\u2013response manner (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In multivariable analyses, female sex (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.55\u20134.97), higher VAS (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.51\u20132.72), higher CMI (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.26\u20132.25), TMJ noise (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.17\u20133.59), locking (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.39\u20134.30), and tinnitus (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.30\u20134.02) were independently associated with effusion presence. Female sex (OR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.47\u20137.38), higher VAS (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.46\u20133.04), and higher CMI (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.24\u20132.36) were independently associated with Grade 2 effusion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severity\u2010graded MRI\u2010detected TMJ effusion is associated with greater pain intensity and dysfunction in patients with TMJ arthralgia, supporting its interpretation as a clinically meaningful imaging marker rather than an incidental radiologic finding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.70276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T07:45:28Z","timestamp":1784965528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Severity\u2010Graded\n                    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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonggwang","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Hanyang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-326X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Q\u2010Schick","family":"Auh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung\u2010Kyun","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Hanyang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Affiliate Professor, School of Computational Sciences Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS)  Seoul Republic of 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