{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:23:36Z","timestamp":1787538216333,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n There are no objective measures which forecast longitudinal changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To identify variables that predicted longitudinal changes in TMJ structure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Over an average of 8\u2009years, baseline and follow\u2010up computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data were reviewed by calibrated radiologists. Baseline to follow\u2010up changes in TMJ structure were grouped according to A\u2009=\u2009no changes, B\u2009=\u2009got better and C\u2009=\u2009got worse. For the current investigation, Groups A and B were combined (AB). Baseline measures included ramus length; occlusal plane angle and anteroposterior position; and condyle rectilinear area (major axis \u00d7 minor axis lengths), aspect ratio (major axis length\/minor axis length) and axial angle. These variables were combined with DC\/TMD Axis II physical symptoms scores (PHQ\u201015) and an abbreviated 7\u2010question oral behaviour checklist score (7QBC) to determine an Anatomic\u2010Psychophysiologic Score (APS). Mixed\u2010effects logistic modelling was used to estimate the contribution of baseline variables in APS that were significantly different between groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n From 401 adult subjects who provided longitudinal data, TMJs from females (426) and males (90) had baseline images with sufficient field\u2010of\u2010view for cephalometric measurements. TMJs were assigned to groups AB (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009303) and C (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009213). Significant group differences (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) in APS were found for the combination of sex, ramus length, condyle rectilinear area and axial angle, occlusal plane anteroposterior position and 7QBC. Model accuracy was good (sensitivity, 0.85; specificity, 0.80; aROC\u2009=\u20090.91).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The combination of sex and cephalometric and behaviour measures was found to be predictive of longitudinal changes in the TMJ.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.70293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T01:50:01Z","timestamp":1787536201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variables That Influence Changes in Temporomandibular Joint Structure"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5239-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff C.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3834-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura R.","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansur","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2299-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo L. Sousa","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dillon","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1552-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Oregon Health & Science University\u2010Portland State University Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoly","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences University at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2015.08.004","article-title":"Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Orofacial Pain","volume":"60","author":"Ahmad M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dental Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516653743","article-title":"Painful Temporomandibular Disorder: Decade of Discovery from OPPERA Studies","volume":"95","author":"Slade G. D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0137","article-title":"Cost\u2010Effectiveness of Treatments For Temporomandibular disorders: Biopsychosocial Intervention Versus Treatment as Usual","volume":"138","author":"Stowell A. W.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.01.014","article-title":"TMJ Disorders and Pain: Assessment by Contrast\u2010Enhanced MRI","volume":"70","author":"Farina D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2002.11212.x","article-title":"Factors Affecting Degeneration in Human Temporomandibular Joints as Assessed Histologically","volume":"110","author":"Luder H. U.","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Oral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.03.021","article-title":"Osseous Changes and Condyle Position in TMJ Tomograms: Impact of RDC\/TMD Clinical Diagnoses on Agreement Between Expected and Actual Findings","volume":"106","author":"Wiese M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400420","article-title":"Risk Factors for Incident Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis in the Elderly: The Framingham Study","volume":"40","author":"Felson D. T.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.020057","article-title":"Primary Osteoarthritis of Hip, Knee, And Hand in Relation to Occupational Exposure","volume":"62","author":"Rossignol M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1684481","article-title":"Comparative Review: Clinical and Pathological Heterogeneity in Knee Versus Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Zhao J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"Histologic Changes Associated With Experimental Partial Anterior Disc Displacement in The Rabbit Temporomandibular Joint","volume":"15","author":"Berteretche M. V.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Orofacial Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00074.x","article-title":"Experimental Induction of Anterior Disk Displacement of The Rabbit Craniomandibular Joint: An Immuno\u2010Electron Microscopic Study of Collagen and Proteoglycan Occurrence in The Condylar Cartilage","volume":"32","author":"Sharawy M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2005.04.004","article-title":"A Long\u2010Term Follow\u2010up Study of Radiographically Evident Degenerative Changes in The Temporomandibular Joint With Different Conditions Of Disk Displacement","volume":"35","author":"Kurita H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2011.04.006","article-title":"Relationships Between Disk Displacement, Joint Effusion, and Degenerative Changes of The Tmj in Tmd Patients Based on Mri Findings","volume":"40","author":"Roh H. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cranio\u2010Maxillo\u2010Facial Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12016","article-title":"Disc Displacement Within the Human Temporomandibular Joint: A Systematic Review of a \u2018noisy annoyance\u2019","volume":"40","author":"Naeije M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516679396","article-title":"Longitudinal Stability of Common TMJ Structural Disorders","volume":"96","author":"Schiffman E. L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care","author":"Yost O.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2024.102935","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Deep Learning in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, Trustworthiness, and Fusion","volume":"155","author":"Alzubaidi L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306132121","article-title":"A Comprehensive Patient\u2010Specific Prediction Model for Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis Progression","volume":"121","author":"Al Turkestani N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2651940"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.178578","article-title":"Explainable Deep Learning and Biomechanical Modeling for TMJ Disorder Morphological Risk Factors","volume":"9","author":"Sun S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241265670","article-title":"Mechanics\u2010 and Behavior\u2010Related Temporomandibular Joint Differences","volume":"103","author":"Nickel J. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519851044","article-title":"Effect of Sustained Joint Loading on TMJ Disc Nutrient Environment","volume":"98","author":"Wu Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.02.023","article-title":"Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (Rdc\/Tmd): Development of Image Analysis Criteria and Examiner Reliability for Image Analysis","volume":"107","author":"Ahmad M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2319\/012921-84.1","article-title":"A Theoretical Analysis of Longitudinal Temporomandibular Joint Compressive Stresses and Mandibular Growth","volume":"92","author":"Desai R. J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12588","article-title":"Jaw Closing Movement and Sex Differences in Temporomandibular Joint Energy Densities","volume":"45","author":"Gallo L. M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12659","article-title":"Orthognathic Surgery Effects on Temporomandibular Joint Compressive Stresses","volume":"26","author":"Glovsky T. E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.12.027","article-title":"Tmj Energy Densities in Healthy Men and Women","volume":"25","author":"Iwasaki L. R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517704375","article-title":"Mechanobehavioral Scores in Women with and without TMJ Disc Displacement","volume":"96","author":"Iwasaki L. R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13707"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844251325226","article-title":"Nocturnal Autonomic Nervous System Dynamics and Chronic Painful Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Nickel J. C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"JDR Clinical & Translational Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518786469","article-title":"Mechanobehavior and Ontogenesis of the Temporomandibular Joint","volume":"97","author":"Nickel J. C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.2319\/032420-217.1","article-title":"Mechanobehavior and Mandibular Ramus Length in Different Facial Phenotypes","volume":"90","author":"Riddle P. C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Evaluation of Oral Behaviors Among Subjects With Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"98","author":"Lantz\u2010Subtelney B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02144.x","article-title":"Assessment and Further Development of RDC\/TMD Axis II Biobehavioural Instruments: A Research Programme Progress Report","volume":"37","author":"Ohrbach R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57617-7","article-title":"Shape Variation and Sex Differences of the Adult Human Mandible Evaluated by Geometric Morphometrics","volume":"14","author":"Chalazoniti A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2012.0068","article-title":"Sleep Bruxism and Myofascial Temporomandibular Disorders: A Laboratory\u2010Based Polysomnographic Investigation","volume":"143","author":"Raphael K. G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/060925\u2010452.1"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.11.022","article-title":"Long\u2010Term Stability and Condylar Remodeling After Mandibular Advancement: A 5\u2010Year Follow\u2010Up","volume":"159","author":"Ehardt L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2025.07.009","article-title":"Five\u2010Year Follow Up on Risk Factors for Condylar Resorption After Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery","volume":"63","author":"Nielsen T. W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2024.12.002","article-title":"Three\u2010Dimensional Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Changes Following Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery: A Five\u2010Year Follow\u2010Up Study","volume":"54","author":"Nielsen T. W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joor.70293","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joor.70293","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joor.70293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T01:50:07Z","timestamp":1787536207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joor.70293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joor.70293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.70293","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-182X","1365-2842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-182X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"joor.70293"}}