{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:45:05Z","timestamp":1792115105320,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC2510700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2510700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Oral Rehabilitation"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Temporomandibular joint degenerative joint disease (TMJ DJD) causes progressive osseous changes of the mandibular condyle and articular fossa. Although cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables detailed assessment, manual interpretation is time\u2010consuming and subject to inter\u2010observer variability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To develop and validate a multilevel AI framework for CBCT\u2010based TMJ DJD assessment using three\u2010dimensional classification, quantitative volumetric analysis, and two\u2010dimensional slice\u2010based detection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Full\u2010field\u2010of\u2010view CBCT scans from 222 patients were used for three\u2010dimensional analysis. A 3D V\u2010Net classified condyles into Normal, Osteophyte, Erosion, Flattening, and Severe Degeneration categories. Condylar volume was quantitatively compared between TMJ DJD and non\u2010TMJ DJD groups and among degenerative subgroups. For slice\u2010based analysis, 727 temporomandibular joints from 416 patients were retrospectively evaluated. Automated sagittal slice extraction based on the condylion landmark generated 5787 condylar and 666 articular fossa slices. YOLOv10 was used for multi\u2010lesion detection of six condylar and three fossa categories.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The 3D V\u2010Net achieved an overall sensitivity of 79.47%. Condylar volume differed significantly between TMJ DJD and non\u2010TMJ DJD groups (ANOVA,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.025), whereas differences among the TMJ DJD subgroups were not statistically significant. For condylar slice\u2010based detection, YOLOv10 achieved 94.0% sensitivity, 82.8% precision, 88.0% F1\u2010score, and 91.3% AP@0.50. For articular fossa detection, YOLOv10 achieved 92.41% sensitivity, 83.91% precision, 87.95% F1\u2010score, and 82.01% AP@0.50.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Three\u2010dimensional AI enabled overall TMJ DJD classification but showed limited discrimination of specific subgroups, particularly erosion. Volumetric analysis differentiated DJD from non\u2010DJD cases but not among DJD subgroups. In contrast, slice\u2010based YOLOv10 effectively detected and labelled specific condylar and fossa degenerative changes, providing more detailed lesion\u2010level characterization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.70346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:55:17Z","timestamp":1792112117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi\u2010Level Automated Classification of Temporomandibular Joint Degenerative Joint Disease on\n CBCT<\/scp>\n Using\n 3D<\/scp>\n Volumetric and\n 2D<\/scp>\n Slice\u2010Based Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4830-9746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas Ahmed","family":"Abdulqader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Med\u2010X Centre for Manufacturing Sichuan University Chengdu China"},{"name":"Intelligent Pathology Diagnosis Centre, Chongqing University Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital Chongqing China"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Taiz University Taiz Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Med\u2010X Centre for Manufacturing Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab Abdulkader","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Taiz University Taiz Yemen"},{"name":"Department of Implantology College of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Pathology Diagnosis Centre, Chongqing University Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Med\u2010X Centre for Manufacturing Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Boltzmann Intelligence Technology Co. Ltd Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Med\u2010X Centre for Manufacturing Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8889-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas Saeed","family":"AL\u2010Zaghruri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianglong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Med\u2010X Centre for Manufacturing Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8320-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Med\u2010X Centre for Manufacturing Sichuan University Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2021.06.017","article-title":"Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Review of Aetiology and Pathogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Delpachitra S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Degenerative Disorders of Temporomandibular Joint\u2010Current Practices and Treatment Modalities. 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H.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Orofacial Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (Dc\/Tmd) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group\u2020","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-015-0011-2","article-title":"Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Reliability and Validity of a Screening Protocol for the Rheumatologist","volume":"13","author":"Steenks M. 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Morphological Changes of TMJ in Arthrosis","volume":"19","author":"Uemura S.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dental Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520936950","article-title":"Automated Detection of TMJ Osteoarthritis Based on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"99","author":"Lee K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519865187","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Approach for Diagnosing TMJ Osteoarthritis","volume":"98","author":"Shoukri B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14056","article-title":"Deep Learning for Osteoarthritis Classification in Temporomandibular Joint","volume":"29","author":"Jung W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13481","article-title":"Classification of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis on Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images Using Artificial Intelligence System","volume":"50","author":"E\u015fer G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105592","article-title":"Automated Diagnosis and Classification of Temporomandibular Joint Degenerative Disease via Artificial Intelligence Using CBCT Imaging","volume":"154","author":"Mao W. 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A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Schroder \u00c2. G. D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Investigations"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2026.106348","article-title":"An Artificial Intelligence\u2010Assisted Automated Quantitative Evaluation System for Condylar Morphological Changes of Temporomandibular Joint","volume":"166","author":"Li Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43277-6","article-title":"An Artificial Intelligence Model for the Radiographic Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint","volume":"13","author":"Talaat W. 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A Diagnostic Accuracy Study","volume":"126","author":"Mourad L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joor.70346","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joor.70346","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joor.70346","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:55:22Z","timestamp":1792112122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joor.70346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joor.70346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.70346","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-182X","1365-2842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-182X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"joor.70346"}}