{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:29:20Z","timestamp":1759940960377,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"USPHS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5T32DE07191","P30-HD27360","R29DE11369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32DE07191","P30-HD27360","R29DE11369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to examine if smoking is an independent predictor of oral candidiasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>) among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 infected persons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cross\u2010sectional part of this study evaluated 631 adult dentate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 seropositive persons examined for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> from 1995\u20132000 at the University of North Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content>. In the second part, from the above sample, a total of 283 individuals who were free of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010associated oral diseases at baseline were followed up for 2\u00a0years to assess incident <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> events. Data collected from medical record review, interview questionnaires, and clinical examinations were analyzed using chi\u2010squared tests and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests. Logistic regression models were developed for prevalent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> employing the likelihood ratio test, whereas Poisson regression models were developed for assessing cumulative incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>. These models included a variety of independent variables to adjust for confounding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen percent of participants had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> only; 4.6% had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> with Oral Hairy Leukoplakia; and 69.7% had neither. Smoking was associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> in all models [prevalent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> \u2013 current smokers: logistic regression \u2013 Odd ratio (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>)\u00a0=\u00a02.5 (1.3, 4.8); Incident <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> \u2013 current smokers: Poisson regression (main effects model) \u2013 Incidence rate ratio (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>)\u00a0=\u00a01.9 (1.1, 3.8)]. Other Poisson regression models suggested evidence for effect modification between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 cell count and incident <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> by smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 infected persons, and the risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> is modified by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 cell count which measures strength of the immune 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