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Polybacterial anaerobic infection is critical too, but is not alone sufficient for the initiation of noma. Cofactors, first and foremost malnutrition, but also systemic viral and bacterial infections are crucial to the development of noma. A patient with necrotising stomatitis or noma must be admitted to hospital for antibiotic treatment, fluid and electrolytes as well as nutritional supplementation and general supportive treatment. The epidemiology of noma in the South African population is unknown, and the clinicopathological features are poorly characterised. Although worldwide there is no evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection is a strong risk factor for noma, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection may play a substantial role in the pathogenesis of noma in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>outh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,4]],"date-time":"2013-05-04T16:57:36Z","timestamp":1367686656000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Noma (cancrum oris) in the <scp>S<\/scp>outh <scp>A<\/scp>frican context"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Feller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine University of Limpopo Medunsa South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Altini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Pathology School of Pathology University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine University of Limpopo Medunsa South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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