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The effects of coinfection on tumorigenicity were evaluated using proliferation and invasion assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Normal oropharynx, tonsil, non\u2010cancer base of tongue (BOT), and BOT from sleep apnea patients demonstrated EBV positivity ranging from 7% to 36% depending on the site and methods of detection used (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qRT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010PCR or ISH). Among non\u2010malignant BOT samples, HPV positivity was noted only in 20%. The percent of tonsil and BOT cancers positive for HPV (up to 63% and 80%, respectively) or coinfected with HPV\/EBV (up to 25% and 70%, respectively) were both significantly associated with cancer status. Notably, HPV\/EBV coinfection was observed only in malignant tissue originating in lymphoid\u2010rich oropharynx sites (tonsil, BOT). CD21 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> (the major EBV attachment receptor) was detected in tonsil and BOT epithelium, but not in soft\u2010palate epithelium. Coinfected cell lines showed a significant increase in invasiveness (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a high prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EBV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and coinfection in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOT<\/jats:styled-content> and tonsil cancers, possibly reflecting their origins in lymphoid\u2010rich tissue. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, cells modeling coinfection have an increased invasive potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]],"date-time":"2014-07-18T14:21:04Z","timestamp":1405693264000},"page":"28-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Association between human papilloma virus\/Epstein\u2013Barr virus coinfection and oral 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