{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:52:36Z","timestamp":1788317556500,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to estimate the copper levels in saliva of patients with oral submucous fibrosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content>) and different areca nut products and its correlation with different histological grades of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study comprised 60 individuals, 30 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> patients and 30 non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> individuals. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and copper analysis was performed using colorimetric method. The commercial areca nut products used by the patients were acquired and subjected to copper analysis through the atomic absorption spectrophotometer method. Oral biopsies were performed for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> patients for histopathological correlation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean salivary copper level was 27.023\u00a0\u03bcg\/dl in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> patients when compared with 8.393\u00a0\u03bcg\/dl in non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> individuals (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.005). The mean copper content in different areca nut products was 13.313\u00a0ppm (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.005). Comparison of copper content in different areca nut products with salivary copper levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> patients showed negative correlation (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.853). Comparison of salivary copper levels between different histological grades of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> yielded a statistically significant association between grades I and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.005) and grades <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III OSF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.019). Comparison of copper content in areca nut products and different histological grades of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content> yielded weak negative statistical correlation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.116).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite high copper content in areca nut products, the observations yielded a negative correlation with different histological grades of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSF<\/jats:styled-content>. This further raises a doubt about the copper content in areca nut as an etiological factor for this crippling disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T06:08:36Z","timestamp":1406009316000},"page":"208-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Estimation of copper in saliva and areca nut products and its correlation with histological grades of oral submucous fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Faraz","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology Dr Syamala Reddy Dental College Hospital &amp; Research Centre Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Manohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology Malabar Dental College and Research Centre Edappal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maji","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology &amp; Microbiology Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital Yenepoya University Mangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arishiya","family":"Fairozekhan Thapasum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine &amp; Radiology Dr Syamala Reddy Dental College Hospital &amp; Research Centre Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamaz","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community &amp; Public Health Dentistry Amrita School of Dentistry Amrita University Cochin India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibi","family":"Halima Shamaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita Center of Nanosciences Amrita University Cochin India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neevan","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Yenepoya Medical College and Hospital Yenepoya University Mangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-006-9013-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2005.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.37379"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Oesophageal changes in oral submucous fibrosis using fibreoptic endoscopy \u2013 a pilot study","volume":"41","author":"Maher R","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"278","article-title":"The clinical condition and pathology of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Johnson NW","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700730214"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"The aetiology of OSMF\u2010 the stimulation of collagen synthesis by extracts of areca nut","volume":"10","author":"Caniff JP","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Oral Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1990.tb00804.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800120601"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4805876"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of immunocompetent cells oral submucous fibrosis in Taiwan","volume":"36","author":"Chiang CP","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Immunological studies in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Shah N","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ind J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"985","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: etiology, pathogenesis and future research","volume":"72","author":"Rajendran R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)24020-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.33785"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Trace elements in human nutrition. 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