{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:06:22Z","timestamp":1768435582369,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9lius Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Finnish Cancer Society"},{"name":"Finnish Dental Society"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content>) has a worse prognosis than cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSCC<\/jats:styled-content>). Toll\u2010like receptor\u2010 4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 are transmembrane proteins that recognize endogenous and microbial agents. Their activation has been connected to cancer invasion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to study the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSCC<\/jats:styled-content> samples, and the effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 ligand flagellin on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of different mucocutaneous cell lines <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples of early\u2010stage tumors (T1\u2010T2N0M0) from 63 patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSCC<\/jats:styled-content> were obtained, in addition to eight normal mucosa and skin tissues from healthy subjects. Oral\u2010cavity\u2010derived highly aggressive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSC<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103, less invasive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAS<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010transformed benign <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IHGK<\/jats:styled-content> as well as C\u2010ha\u2010ras\u2010transformed (HaCat) skin carcinoma <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and non\u2010invasive A5 cell lines were used. Flagellin\u2010induced mucocutaneous cell lines were compared by using BrdU\u2010proliferation, scratch migration, and myoma organotypic invasion assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 expression was similar in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSCC<\/jats:styled-content> tumors. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 was more abundant in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content> than in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSCC<\/jats:styled-content> samples. Flagellin induced the proliferation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> II<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and A5, migration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IHGK<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> II<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and A5, and the invasion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 cells. It had no effect on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSC<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flagellin, a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 agonist, induced the migration and invasion of less aggressive mucocutaneous cell lines, but it had no effect on the most invasive oral carcinoma cells. The more aggressive clinical behavior of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSCC<\/jats:styled-content> compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSCC<\/jats:styled-content> may partially be related to the differences in the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 in these malignancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T06:08:40Z","timestamp":1406009320000},"page":"258-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Toll\u2010like receptors \u20104 and \u20105 in oral and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Abdirisak","family":"Ahmed Haji Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry University of Helsinki Helsinki 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