{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:29:55Z","timestamp":1777904995466,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Dental Research Fund"},{"name":"Higher Education Commission of Pakistan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Areca nut chewing is associated with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Raised vascular basic fibroblast growth factor may induce fibrosis. Arecoline is a muscarinic alkaloid in areca nut, which we earlier reported causes injury and necrosis of human endothelium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to arecoline with or without tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, and separately to acetylcholine, muscarine, or nicotine. Protein levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, as well as the inflammatory cytokines: granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G\u2010CSF), granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony stimulating factor, and Interleukins\u20106, 1\u2010\u03b1 and 1\u2010\u03b2, were determined by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels were established by real\u2010time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Basic fibroblast growth factor was released into the culture medium at arecoline levels causing necrosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). This contrasted with an opposite effect of arecoline on levels of the inflammatory cytokines (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 increased IL\u20106 and granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony stimulated factor, but arecoline reduced this stimulated expression (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Arecoline had no effect on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> for basic fibroblast growth factor, although there was reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> for the separate inflammatory cytokines studied. The effect of acetylcholine, muscarine, and nicotine was minimal and dissimilar to that of arecoline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data raise the possibility that arecoline\u2010induced, vascular basic fibroblast growth factor contributes to OSF, by combining increased growth factor expression with endothelial necrosis, and thus driving fibroblast proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,20]],"date-time":"2014-12-20T05:45:34Z","timestamp":1419054334000},"page":"591-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Arecoline increases basic fibroblast growth factor but reduces expression of <scp>IL<\/scp>\u20101, <scp>IL<\/scp>\u20106, G\u2010<scp>CSF<\/scp> and <scp>GM<\/scp>\u2010<scp>CSF<\/scp> in human umbilical vein endothelium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Mafaz","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit The Faculty of Dentistry Westmead Centre for Oral Health Westmead Hospital The University of Sydney Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Oral Surgery The Faculty of Dentistry Westmead Centre for Oral Health Westmead Hospital The University of Sydney Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit The Faculty of Dentistry Westmead Centre for Oral Health Westmead Hospital The University of Sydney Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malcolm A. 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