{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:30:51Z","timestamp":1782275451119,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AUX PE PNPD 2386\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUX PE PNPD 2386\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM<\/jats:styled-content>) is a systemic fungal infection caused by P<\/jats:styled-content>aracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> (P<\/jats:styled-content>b<\/jats:italic>) and associated with deficient cellular immune response, which is modulated by inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages, and cytokines. Recently, the comprehension of the macrophage polarization mediated by T<\/jats:styled-content>h1 and T<\/jats:styled-content>h2 cytokines has contributed to elucidate the immune response that takes part in some diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the presence of T<\/jats:styled-content>h1\u2010 and T<\/jats:styled-content>h2\u2010immune response and also P<\/jats:styled-content>b<\/jats:italic> counting in oral lesions of chronic PCM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Forty\u2010eight cases of chronic PCM<\/jats:styled-content> oral lesions were included. All cases were classified as loose or dense granulomas. S<\/jats:styled-content>100 protein, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1, CD<\/jats:styled-content>163 and CD<\/jats:styled-content>68 immunoexpressions, and P<\/jats:styled-content>b<\/jats:italic> localization were evaluated. The fungi present in the tissue were quantified by anti\u2010P<\/jats:styled-content>b<\/jats:italic> antibody.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Most patients were white men with mean age of 47\u00a0years old and showed higher incidence of multiple lesions. Loose granulomas were predominant and exhibited a great amount of M<\/jats:styled-content>2 macrophages, which were visualized with anti\u2010CD<\/jats:styled-content>163 antibody. The expression for CD<\/jats:styled-content>163 and CD<\/jats:styled-content>68 was similar (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05), highlighting the predominance of M<\/jats:styled-content>2 macrophages in PCM<\/jats:styled-content>. IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, and TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 immunoexpression did not significantly change with CD<\/jats:styled-content>163, CD<\/jats:styled-content>68, and S<\/jats:styled-content>100 protein. The number of fungi was significantly higher in cases with intense IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 immunoexpression (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>M<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010activated macrophages were the majority among inflammatory cells in chronic PCM<\/jats:styled-content>, characterizing the action of a T<\/jats:styled-content>h2\u2010immune response. Nevertheless, T<\/jats:styled-content>h1 cytokines were also found; mainly IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, which was associated with fungi counting in oral lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,4]],"date-time":"2015-06-04T02:34:11Z","timestamp":1433385251000},"page":"141-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["M<\/scp>2 macrophages and inflammatory cells in oral lesions of chronic paracoccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Marina Lara","family":"de Carli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinic and Surgery School of Dentistry Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinic and Surgery School of Dentistry Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Minas 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