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In oral cancer, TLR<\/jats:styled-content> activation has been linked to invasion. To define the role of TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, and TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC<\/jats:styled-content>), we studied their expression in vivo<\/jats:italic> in OTSCC<\/jats:styled-content> tumor samples, as well as in vitro<\/jats:italic> in cell invasion model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We used immunohistochemistry to compare the expression of TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, and TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 in 21 primary Stage I\u2010II OTSCC<\/jats:styled-content>s, neck metastases, and recurrent tumors. In addition, we used myoma organotypic invasion assay to evaluate the effect of GIT<\/jats:styled-content>27 (4,5\u2010dihydro\u20103\u2010phenyl\u20105\u2010isoxasoleaceticacid) on the invasion of the HSC<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 OTSCC<\/jats:styled-content> cell line.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, and TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 were expressed in most tumors. Nuclear TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 expression occurred more often in primary tumors than in neck metastases or recurrent tumors of the neck, whereas nuclear TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 expression and cytoplasmic TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 expression were higher in primary tumors than in local recurrent tumors. GIT<\/jats:styled-content>27 did not affect the invasion of HSC<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 OTSCC<\/jats:styled-content> cells, but a myoma organotypic invasion assay revealed that the expression of TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 and TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 was stronger in deeper\u2010invading cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, and TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 were expressed in primary tumors, neck metastases as well as in recurrent tumors of OTSCC<\/jats:styled-content>. Thus, these receptors seem to play a role in both the development and progression of tongue carcinoma. These TLR<\/jats:styled-content>s may also contribute to the invasive potential of OTSCC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T22:14:56Z","timestamp":1443737696000},"page":"338-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Toll\u2010like receptors 2, 4, and 9 in primary, metastasized, and recurrent oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Laura K.","family":"M\u00e4kinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdirisak","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry Biomedicum 1 University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"Hagstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Haartman Institute University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology HUSLAB Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology Institute of Dentistry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Lehtonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Haartman Institute University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti A.","family":"M\u00e4kitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuula","family":"Salo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry Biomedicum 1 University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine Institute of Dentistry Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caj","family":"Haglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Research Programs Unit Translational Cancer Biology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Atula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0158-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2010.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2010.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2005.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(00)00042-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23583"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/581837"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-012-0802-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Breakthrough of the year 2013. 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