{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:43:20Z","timestamp":1768707800923,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The wide use of topical and systemic antifungal agents as the conventional treatment for oral candidiasis has caused <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> to develop resistance to these agents. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content>) and chitosan on buccal candidiasis and study the possible enhancive effect of chitosan on the photosensitizer methylene blue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010five <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBA<\/jats:styled-content>\/2 immunosuppressed mice were orally inoculated with a suspension of <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. The animals were randomized into seven groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5 per group): Group 1 (control); Group 2 (nystatin); Group 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content>); Group 4 (chitosan 1.5 mg\/ml); Group 5 (chitosan 3 mg\/ml); Group 6 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> + chitosan 1.5 mg\/ml); and Group 7 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> + chitosan 3 mg\/ml). The <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> count was evaluated on days 3, 5, 7, and 11 after inoculation. At last, macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the tongue dorsa were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On day 7 after inoculation, the control group showed a greater number of <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> (5.25 \u00b1 0.41 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>\/ml), with significant differences compared to all other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.05). On day 11 after inoculation, animals treated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> showed lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>\/ml count. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 showed fewer microscopic candidiasis lesions than Groups 1 and 7.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> has an antifungal effect, even greater than nystatin. Chitosan has a powerful fungicide effect but did not possess any enhancive effect on methylene blue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T00:52:49Z","timestamp":1458348769000},"page":"627-633","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Use of photodynamic therapy and chitosan for inactivacion of <i>Candida albicans<\/i> in a murine model."],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Camacho\u2010Alonso","family":"Fabio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery University of Murcia Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Beneyto","family":"Yolanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry University of Murcia Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gallego M\u00aa","family":"Carmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health University of Murcia Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuello","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health University of Murcia Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buend\u00eda","family":"Antonio Juli\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Pathological Anatomy University of Murcia Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Lajarin","family":"Leonor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry University of Murcia Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salinas","family":"Jes\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health University of Murcia Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600304"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b311900a"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.Supplement_4.S414"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-007-0530-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Chitosan membranes","volume":"1","author":"Muzzarelli RA","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ion Exch Membr"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.07.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md8071962"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.10.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034130m"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48584-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.09.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.01026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-009-0673-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000049954.48239.A1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2011.636768"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.1999.11.5.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01868.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04013.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral Pathology &amp; 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