{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:14:27Z","timestamp":1790061267243,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multinucleated giant cell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content>) reactions have been identified in several malignancies, but their frequency and significance in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCC<\/jats:styled-content>) are not established. This study evaluated the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content> reactions and their association with clinicopathological parameters in lower lip <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCC<\/jats:styled-content>s. The polarization profile of these cells (M1 or M2 macrophages) was also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence and distribution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content> reactions in high\u2010power fields (400\u00d7) were evaluated in hematoxylin\/eosin\u2010stained histological sections of 91 lower lip <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCC<\/jats:styled-content>s. The histopathological grade of malignancy was evaluated using two grading systems (World Health Organization [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>] and Malignancy Grading of the Deep Invasive Margins). The histiocytic nature (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>68) and polarization profile (M1\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content>+ or M2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>163+) of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content>s were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multinucleated giant cell reaction was identified in 36 (39.6%) cases, and its frequency was 3.3 times higher in well\/moderately differentiated tumors than in poorly differentiated tumors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grading system) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006). For Malignancy Grading of the Deep Invasive Margins, the frequency was 2.03 times higher in highly\/moderately keratinized tumors than in tumors with minimal\/no keratinization (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.012). No significant associations were observed between the presence\/distribution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content>s and clinical parameters (tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and clinical stage) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). All <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content>s were positive for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>68 and there was a predominance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> over <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>163<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content>s (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.031).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multinucleated giant cell reactions may not be involved in tumor progression in lower lip <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCC<\/jats:styled-content>s. In this microenvironment, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MGC<\/jats:styled-content>s tend to exhibit a predominantly M1 phenotype and may represent a foreign body reaction to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCC<\/jats:styled-content> keratin pearls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T17:55:40Z","timestamp":1487181340000},"page":"773-779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multinucleated giant cell reaction in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma: a clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6596-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hellen Bandeira de Pontes","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry State University of Para\u00edba Campina Grande PB Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Cristina da Costa","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le\u00e3o Pereira","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Antonio","family":"Gord\u00f3n\u2010N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry State University of Para\u00edba Campina Grande PB Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pollianna Muniz","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry State University of Para\u00edba Campina 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