{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:56:07Z","timestamp":1783140967241,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,4]],"date-time":"2017-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last 40 years, many theories linking oral submucous fibrosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSMF<\/jats:styled-content>) to various risk factors have been proposed. Spicy, pungent foods and irritants such as supari (areca nut), paan (betel leaves), tobacco (through chewing or smoking)\u2014the common Asian habits of chewing the aforementioned agents\u2014have all been incriminated as causative agents. Systemic factors such as nutritional deficiency, genetic predisposition and autoimmunity have also been proposed in the pathogenesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSMF<\/jats:styled-content>. However, the precise aetiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSMF<\/jats:styled-content> is still unknown, and no conclusive evidence has been found despite many extensive investigations on implicated factors. Most of the ideas proposed have been derived from the existing clinical and epidemiological data. We present a comprehensive review of the various theories regarding the pathogenesis of the condition, but have not concentrated on malignant transformation in this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,9]],"date-time":"2017-04-09T10:02:43Z","timestamp":1491732163000},"page":"406-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Oral submucous fibrosis: An update on current theories of pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Gururaj","family":"Arakeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Navodaya Dental College and Hospital Raichur Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirthi Kumar","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Bapuji Dental College and Hospital Davangere Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Hunasgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Navodaya Dental College and Hospital Raichur Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.W.","family":"Merkx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. 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Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Xiangya Hospital and School of Stomatology Central South University Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery Queen Alexandra Hospital Cosham Portsmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2012.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"002","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: review on mechanisms of pathogenesis and malignant transformation","volume":"5","author":"Ekanayaka RP","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Carcinogene Mutagene"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2005.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195605\/06)9:3<431::AID-CNCR2820090302>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1994.tb00083.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-010-0219-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Betel\u2010quid and areca nut chewing and some areca nut derived nitrosoamines","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034508329633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"603","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: a review","volume":"18","author":"Pindborg JJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138945009788680374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.137926","article-title":"Critical biomarkers of epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition in the head and neck cancers","volume":"10","author":"Natarajan J","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2011.582839"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02992043","article-title":"\u201cMISI\u201d an etiologic factor in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Gupta SC","year":"1978","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2013.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.17083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1968.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1996.tb03136.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(02)00123-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"The etiology of oral submucous fibrosis: the stimulation of collagen synthesis by extracts of areca nut","volume":"10","author":"Canniff JP","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Oral Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2014.12.009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral Pathology &amp; 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