{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:16:58Z","timestamp":1790749018642,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common oral disorder which shares clinical and histopathological features with other lichenoid lesions, leading to considerable inter\u2010observer disagreement. This negatively impacts understanding of the pathogenesis and malignant transformation potential of this condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Artificial intelligence was employed to create a machine\u2010learning artificial neural network to identify and quantify mononuclear cells and granulocytes within the inflammatory infiltrates in digitized hematoxylin and eosin microscopic slides. Twenty\u2010four regions of interest were extracted from OLP cases for learning purposes and validated on a retrospective cohort of 130 cases. All cases were related to patients with confirmed diagnoses of OLP, oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs), or oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) with lichenoid host response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of inflammatory cells was statistically significantly higher in OLP compared to OLLs or OED with lichenoid host response (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.0005). The proposed machine\u2010learning method was reliably capable of detecting OLP cases based on the number of inflammatory cells and the number of mononuclear cells with an area under the curve of 0.982 and 0.988, respectively. Identifying a cut\u2010off point between OLP and other lichenoid conditions based on the number of mononuclear cells showed a sensitivity of 100% and an accuracy of 94.62%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Artificial intelligence has shown promising outcomes and provides a robust approach to enhance the accuracy of anatomical pathologists in accurately diagnosing OLP using features of disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T19:26:45Z","timestamp":1628278005000},"page":"946-953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A machine\u2010learning algorithm for the reliable identification of oral lichen planus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7206-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majdy","family":"Idrees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Dental School The University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1642-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camile S.","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research and Education Nedlands WA Australia"},{"name":"Oral, Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery Fiona Stanley Hospital Murdoch WA Australia"},{"name":"Anatomical Pathology Australian Clinical Labs Subiaco WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Shearston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Dental School The University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5951-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Kujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Dental School The University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70033-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.49.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1989.tb01356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2019.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12627"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_39_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/746874"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.48.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"FDA allows marketing of first whole slide imaging system for digital pathology. 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