{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:33:35Z","timestamp":1790606015926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81771091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82103780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82103780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radiation damage to salivary gland is inevitable in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Safe and effective treatments for protecting salivary glands from radiation are still unavailable. Mitochondrial damage is a critical mechanism in irradiated salivary gland; however, treatment targeting mitochondria has not received much attention. Nicotinamide is a key component of the mitochondrial metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of nicotinamide on protecting irradiated submandibular gland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Submandibular gland cells and tissues were randomly divided into four groups: control, nicotinamide alone, radiation alone, and radiation with nicotinamide pretreatment. Cell viability was detected by PrestoBlue cell viability reagent. Histopathological alterations were observed with HE staining. Pilocarpine\u2010stimulated saliva was measured from Wharton's duct. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick\u2010end labeling assay. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase was examined with immunofluorescence. The levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate were measured with the relevant kits. The mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed under transmission electron microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotinamide significantly mitigated radiation damage both in vitro and in vivo. Also, nicotinamide improved saliva secretion and reduced radiation\u2010induced apoptosis in irradiated submandibular glands. Moreover, nicotinamide improved nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase and the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide\/adenosine triphosphate and mitochondrial membrane potential, all of which were decreased by radiation in submandibular gland cells. Importantly, nicotinamide protected the mitochondrial ultrastructure from radiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings demonstrate that nicotinamide alleviates radiation damage in submandibular gland by replenishing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and maintaining mitochondrial function and ultrastructure, suggesting that nicotinamide could be used as a prospective radioprotectant for preventing radiation sialadenitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T08:39:42Z","timestamp":1661243982000},"page":"801-809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Nicotinamide mitigates radiation injury in submandibular gland by protecting mitochondrial structure and functions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University  Dalian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook Cancer Center Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu Yin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University  Dalian 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